RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Landscape and climatic variations of the Quaternary shaped multiple secondary contacts among barn owls (Tyto alba) of the Western Palearctic JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2021.06.09.447652 DO 10.1101/2021.06.09.447652 A1 Tristan Cumer A1 Ana Paula Machado A1 Guillaume Dumont A1 Vasileios Bontzorlos A1 Renato Ceccherelli A1 Motti Charter A1 Klaus Dichmann A1 Hans-Dieter Martens A1 Nicolaos Kassinis A1 Rui Lourenço A1 Francesca Manzia A1 Laure Prévost A1 Marko Rakovic A1 Felipe Siverio A1 Alexandre Roulin A1 Jérôme Goudet YR 2021 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/10/2021.06.09.447652.abstract AB The combined actions of climatic variations and landscape barriers shape the history of natural populations. When organisms follow their shifting niches, obstacles in the landscape can lead to the splitting of populations, on which evolution will then act independently. When two such populations are reunited, secondary contact occurs in a broad range of admixture patterns, from narrow hybrid zones to the complete dissolution of lineages. A previous study suggested that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic after the last glaciation in a ring-like fashion around the Mediterranean Sea, and conjectured an admixture zone in the Balkans. Here, we take advantage of whole-genome sequences of 94 individuals across the Western Palearctic to reveal the complex history of the species in the region using observational and modeling approaches. Even though our results confirm that two distinct lineages colonized the region, one in Europe and one in the Levant, they suggest that it predates the last glaciation and identify a narrow secondary contact zone between the two in Anatolia. Nonetheless, we also show that barn owls re-colonized Europe after the glaciation from two distinct glacial refugia: a western one in Iberia and an eastern one in Italy. Both glacial lineages now communicate via eastern Europe, in a wide and permeable contact zone. This complex history of populations enlightens the taxonomy of Tyto alba in the region, highlights the key role played by mountain ranges and large water bodies as barriers and illustrates the power of population genomics in uncovering intricate demographic patterns.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.