PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Valérie Chetboul AU - Didier Concordet AU - Renaud Tissier AU - Irène Vonfeld AU - Camille Poissonnier AU - Maria Paz Alvarado AU - Peggy Passavin AU - Mathilde Gluntz AU - Solène Lefort AU - Aude Bourgeois AU - Dylan Duby AU - Christelle Hano AU - Norin Chai TI - CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans (<em>Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus</em>): Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging (the COOLEST method) AID - 10.1101/2021.07.23.453539 DP - 2021 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 2021.07.23.453539 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.23.453539.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.23.453539.full AB - Introduction Cardiovascular diseases have been identified as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Borneo orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Transthoracic echocardiography is usually performed under anesthesia in great apes, which may be stressful and risky in cardiac animals. The aim of the present pilot study was hence to develop a quick and non-stressful echocardiographic method (i.e., the COOLEST method) in awake Borneo orangutans (CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans: Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging) and assess the variability of corresponding variables.Materials and Methods Four adult Borneo orangutans trained to present their chest to the trainers were involved. A total of 96 TTE examinations were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer examining each orangutans 6 times per day. Each examination included four two-dimensional views, with offline assessment of 28 variables (i.e., two-dimensional (n=12), M-mode and anatomic M-mode (n=6), Doppler (n=7), and speckle tracking imaging (n=3)), representing a total of 2,688 measurements. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation.Results Mean±SD (minimum-maximum) images acquisition duration was 3.8±1.6 minutes (1.3-6.3). All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation but one (n=55/56, 98%) were &lt;15%, and most (51/56, 91%) were &lt;10% including those of speckle tracking systolic strain variables (2.7% to 5.4%).Discussion Heart morphology as well as global and regional myocardial function can be assessed in awake orangutans with good to excellent repeatability and reproducibility.Conclusions This non-stressful method may be used for longitudinal cardiac follow-up in awake orangutans.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.