PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Bryan A. Ramirez-Corona
AU  - Anna C. Love
AU  - Srikiran Chandrasekaran
AU  - Jennifer A. Prescher
AU  - Zeba Wunderlich
TI  - Longitudinal monitoring of individual infection progression in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>
AID  - 10.1101/2021.08.17.456698
DP  - 2021 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2021.08.17.456698
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/17/2021.08.17.456698.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/17/2021.08.17.456698.full
AB  - The innate immune system is critical for host survival of infection. Infection models in organisms like Drosophila melanogaster are key for understanding evolution and dynamics of innate immunity. However, current toolsets for fly infection studies are limited in their ability to resolve changes in pathogen load on the hours time-scale, along with stochastic responses to infection in individuals. Here we report a novel bioluminescent imaging strategy enabling non-invasive characterization of pathogen load over time. We demonstrate that photon flux from autobioluminescent reporter bacteria can be used to estimate pathogen count. Escherichia coli expressing the ilux operon were imaged in whole, living flies at relevant concentrations for immune study. Because animal sacrifice was not necessary to estimate pathogen load, stochastic responses to infection were characterized in individuals for the first time. The high temporal resolution of bioluminescence imaging also enabled visualization of the fine dynamics of microbial clearance on the hours time-scale. Overall, this non-invasive imaging strategy provides a simple and scalable platform to observe changes in pathogen load in vivo over time.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.