RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Augmented Transcutaneous Stimulation Using an Injectable Electrode
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 2021.09.29.462482
DO 10.1101/2021.09.29.462482
A1 Nishant Verma
A1 Robert D Graham
A1 Jonah Mudge
A1 James K Trevathan
A1 Manfred Franke
A1 Andrew J Shoffstall
A1 Justin Williams
A1 Ashley N Dalrymple
A1 Lee E Fisher
A1 Doug J Weber
A1 Scott F Lempka
A1 Kip A Ludwig
YR 2021
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/17/2021.09.29.462482.abstract
AB Minimally invasive neuromodulation technologies seek to marry the neural selectivity of implantable devices with the low-cost and non-invasive nature of transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES). The Injectrode® is a needle-delivered electrode that is injected onto neural structures under image guidance. Power is then transcutaneously delivered to the Injectrode using surface electrodes. The Injectrode serves as a low-impedance conduit to guide current to the deep on-target nerve, reducing activation thresholds by an order of magnitude compared to using only surface stimulation electrodes. To minimize off-target recruitment of cutaneous fibers, the energy transfer efficiency from the surface electrodes to the Injectrode must be optimized.TES energy is transferred to the Injectrode through both capacitive and resistive mechanisms. Electrostatic finite element models generally used in TES research consider only the resistive means of energy transfer by defining tissue conductivities. Here, we present an electroquasistatic model, taking into consideration both the conductivity and permittivity of tissue, to understand transcutaneous power delivery to the Injectrode. The model was validated with measurements taken from (n=4) swine cadavers. We used the validated model to investigate system and anatomic parameters that influence the coupling efficiency of the Injectrode energy delivery system. Our work suggests the relevance of electroquasistatic models to account for capacitive charge transfer mechanisms when studying TES, particularly when high-frequency voltage components are present, such as those used for voltage-controlled pulses and sinusoidal nerve blocks.Competing Interest StatementJW and KAL are scientific board members and have stock interests in NeuroOne Medical Inc., a company developing next generation epilepsy monitoring devices. JW also has an equity interest in NeuroNexus technology Inc., a company that supplies electrophysiology equipment and multichannel probes to the neuroscience research community. SFL has equity in Hologram Consultants, LLC, is a member of the scientific advisory board for Abbott Neuromodulation, and receives research support from Medtronic, Inc. SFL also holds stock options, received research support, and serves on the scientific advisory board of Presidio Medical, Inc. KAL is also a paid member of the scientific advisory board of Cala Health, Blackfynn, Abbott and Battelle. KAL also is a paid consultant for Galvani and Boston Scientific. KAL, MF, and AJS are co-founder of NeuronOff Inc, which is commercializing the Injectrode®.