RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Where Honey Bee Vitellogenin may Bind Zn2+-Ions JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2022.01.28.478200 DO 10.1101/2022.01.28.478200 A1 Vilde Leipart A1 Øyvind Enger A1 Diana Cornelia Turcu A1 Olena Dobrovolska A1 Finn Drabløs A1 Øyvind Halskau A1 Gro V. Amdam YR 2022 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/01/28/2022.01.28.478200.abstract AB The protein Vitellogenin (Vg) plays a central role in lipid transportation in most egg-laying animals. High Vg levels correlate with stress resistance and lifespan potential in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Vg is the primary circulating zinc-carrying protein in honey bees. Zinc is an essential metal ion in numerous biological processes, including the function and structure of many proteins. Measurements of Zn2+ suggest a variable number of ions per Vg molecule in different animal species, but the molecular implications of zinc-binding by this protein are not well understood. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine that, on average, each honey bee Vg molecule binds 3 Zn2+-ions. Our full-length protein structure and sequence analysis revealed seven potential zinc-binding sites. These are located in the β-barrel and α-helical subdomains of the N-terminal domain, the lipid binding site, and the cysteine-rich C-terminal region of unknown function. Interestingly, two potential zinc-binding sites in the β-barrel can support a proposed role for this structure in DNA-binding. Overall, our findings illustrate the capacity of honey bee Vg to bind zinc at several functional regions, indicating that Zn2+-ions are important for many of the activities of this protein. In addition to being potentially relevant for other egg-laying species, these insights provide a platform for studies of metal ions in bee health, which is of global interest due to recent declines in pollinator numbers.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.(DUF1943)Domain of unknown function(ICP-MS)Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(MSA)multiple sequence alignment(Vg)Vitellogenin(vWF)von Willebrand factor