RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Robust deep learning object recognition models rely on low frequency information in natural images JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2022.01.31.478509 DO 10.1101/2022.01.31.478509 A1 Li, Zhe A1 Caro, Josue Ortega A1 Rusak, Evgenia A1 Brendel, Wieland A1 Bethge, Matthias A1 Anselmi, Fabio A1 Patel, Ankit B. A1 Tolias, Andreas S. A1 Pitkow, Xaq YR 2022 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/02/02/2022.01.31.478509.abstract AB Machine learning models have difficulty generalizing to data outside of the distribution they were trained on. In particular, vision models are usually vulnerable to adversarial attacks or common corruptions, to which the human visual system is robust. Recent studies have found that regularizing machine learning models to favor brain-like representations can improve model robustness, but it is unclear why. We hypothesize that the increased model robustness is partly due to the low spatial frequency preference inherited from the neural representation. We tested this simple hypothesis with several frequency-oriented analyses, including the design and use of hybrid images to probe model frequency sensitivity directly. We also examined many other publicly available robust models that were trained on adversarial images or with data augmentation, and found that all these robust models showed a greater preference to low spatial frequency information. We show that preprocessing by blurring can serve as a defense mechanism against both adversarial attacks and common corruptions, further confirming our hypothesis and demonstrating the utility of low spatial frequency information in robust object recognition.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.