RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6-14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2022.02.04.478947 DO 10.1101/2022.02.04.478947 A1 Bea Szeifert A1 Dániel Gerber A1 Veronika Csáky A1 Péter Langó A1 Dmitrii Alekseevich Stashenkov A1 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Khokhlov A1 Ayrat Gabitovich Sitdikov A1 Ilgizar Ravil’evich Gazimzyanov A1 Elizaveta Valer’evna Volkova A1 Natalia Petrovna Matveeva A1 Alexander Sergejevich Zelenkov A1 Olga Evgen’evna Poshekhonova A1 Anastasiia Viktorovna Sleptsova A1 Konstantin Gennadievich Karacharov A1 Viktoria Vladimirovna Ilyushina A1 Boris Aleksandrovich Konikov A1 Flarit Abdulhaevich Sungatov A1 Alexander Gennadievich Kolonskikh A1 Sergei Gennad’evich Botalov A1 Ivan Valer’evich Grudochko A1 Balázs Egyed A1 Balázs Gusztáv Mende A1 Attila Türk A1 Anna Szécsényi-Nagy YR 2022 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/02/08/2022.02.04.478947.abstract AB Most of the early Hungarian tribes originated from the Volga-Kama and South-Ural regions, where they were composed of a mixed population based on historical, philological and archaeological data. Here we present the uniparental genetic makeup of the medieval era of these regions that served as a melting pot for ethnic groups with different linguistic and historical backgrounds. Representing diverse cultural contexts, the new genetic data originates from ancient proto-Ob-Ugric people from Western Siberia (6-13th century), pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from Volga-Ural region (6-14th century) and their neighbours. By examining the Hungarian prehistory’s eastern archaeological traits, we also study their genetic composition and origin in an interdisciplinary framework.We analysed 110 deep sequenced mitogenomes and 42 Y-chromosome haplotypes from 18 archaeological sites from Russia. The results support the studied groups’ genetic relationships regardless of geographical distances, suggesting large-scale mobility. We detected long-lasting genetic connections between the sites representing the Kushnarenkovo and Chiyalik cultures and the Carpathian Basin Hungarians and confirmed the Uralic transmission of several East-Eurasian uniparental lineages in their genepool. Based on phylogenetics, we demonstrate and model the connections and splits of the studied Volga-Ural and conqueror groups.Early Hungarians and their alliances conquested the Carpathian Basin in the 890s AD. Re-analysis of the Hungarian conquerors’ maternal genepool reveals numerous surviving maternal relationships in both sexes, therefore we conclude that men and women came to the Carpathian Basin together, and although they were subsequently genetically fused into the local population of the area, certain eastern lineages survived for centuries.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AMOVAAnalysis of Molecular VarianceCBCarpathian BasinHGHaplogroupKL-IVGroup-IV based on Kovács, 10th century small cemeteries of the campsKL-VGroup-V based on Kovács, 10th century cemeteries of villages with a large number of burialsKL-VIGroup-VI based on Kovács, The cemeteries of villages opened in the 10th century and used until the 11th and 12th centuriesMDSMultidimensional scalingMJmedian-joiningNJneighbor-joiningPCAPrincipal Component AnalysisSNPSingle Nucleotide PolymorphismSTRShort Tandem RepeatVURVolga-Ural region