RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 2022.05.04.490594
DO 10.1101/2022.05.04.490594
A1 Morten E. Allentoft
A1 Martin Sikora
A1 Alba Refoyo-Martínez
A1 Evan K. Irving-Pease
A1 Anders Fischer
A1 William Barrie
A1 Andrés Ingason
A1 Jesper Stenderup
A1 Karl-Göran Sjögren
A1 Alice Pearson
A1 Barbara Mota
A1 Bettina Schulz Paulsson
A1 Alma Halgren
A1 Ruairidh Macleod
A1 Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov
A1 Fabrice Demeter
A1 Maria Novosolov
A1 Lasse Sørensen
A1 Poul-Otto Nielsen
A1 Rasmus H.A. Henriksen
A1 Tharsika Vimala
A1 Hugh McColl
A1 Ashot Margaryan
A1 Melissa Ilardo
A1 Andrew Vaughn
A1 Morten Fischer Mortensen
A1 Anne Birgitte Nielsen
A1 Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede
A1 Peter Rasmussen
A1 Lasse Vinner
A1 Gabriel Renaud
A1 Aaron Stern
A1 Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen
A1 Niels Nørkjær Johannsen
A1 Gabriele Scorrano
A1 Hannes Schroeder
A1 Per Lysdahl
A1 Abigail Daisy Ramsøe
A1 Andrei Skorobogatov
A1 Andrew Joseph Schork
A1 Anders Rosengren
A1 Anthony Ruter
A1 Alan Outram
A1 Aleksey A. Timoshenko
A1 Alexandra Buzhilova
A1 Alfredo Coppa
A1 Alisa Zubova
A1 Ana Maria Silva
A1 Anders J. Hansen
A1 Andrey Gromov
A1 Andrey Logvin
A1 Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen
A1 Bjarne Henning Nielsen
A1 Borja González-Rabanal
A1 Carles Lalueza-Fox
A1 Catriona J. McKenzie
A1 Charleen Gaunitz
A1 Concepción Blasco
A1 Corina Liesau
A1 Cristina Martinez-Labarga
A1 Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov
A1 David Cuenca-Solana
A1 David O. Lordkipanidze
A1 Dmitri En’shin
A1 Domingo C. Salazar-García
A1 T. Douglas Price
A1 Dušan Borić
A1 Elena Kostyleva
A1 Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya
A1 Emma R. Usmanova
A1 Enrico Cappellini
A1 Erik Brinch Petersen
A1 Esben Kannegaard
A1 Francesca Radina
A1 Fulya Eylem Yediay
A1 Henri Duday
A1 Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti
A1 Inna Potekhina
A1 Irina Shevnina
A1 Isin Altinkaya
A1 Jean Guilaine
A1 Jesper Hansen
A1 Joan Emili Aura Tortosa
A1 João Zilhão
A1 Jorge Vega
A1 Kristoffer Buck Pedersen
A1 Krzysztof Tunia
A1 Lei Zhao
A1 Liudmila N. Mylnikova
A1 Lars Larsson
A1 Laure Metz
A1 Levon Yeppiskoposyan
A1 Lisbeth Pedersen
A1 Lucia Sarti
A1 Ludovic Orlando
A1 Ludovic Slimak
A1 Lutz Klassen
A1 Malou Blank
A1 Manuel González-Morales
A1 Mara Silvestrini
A1 Maria Vretemark
A1 Marina S. Nesterova
A1 Marina Rykun
A1 Mario Federico Rolfo
A1 Marzena Szmyt
A1 Marcin Przybyła
A1 Mauro Calattini
A1 Mikhail Sablin
A1 Miluše Dobisíková
A1 Morten Meldgaard
A1 Morten Johansen
A1 Natalia Berezina
A1 Nick Card
A1 Nikolai A. Saveliev
A1 Olga Poshekhonova
A1 Olga Rickards
A1 Olga V. Lozovskaya
A1 Otto Christian Uldum
A1 Paola Aurino
A1 Pavel Kosintsev
A1 Patrice Courtaud
A1 Patricia Ríos
A1 Peder Mortensen
A1 Per Lotz
A1 Per Åke Persson
A1 Pernille Bangsgaard
A1 Peter de Barros Damgaard
A1 Peter Vang Petersen
A1 Pilar Prieto Martinez
A1 Piotr Włodarczak
A1 Roman V. Smolyaninov
A1 Rikke Maring
A1 Roberto Menduiña
A1 Ruben Badalyan
A1 Rune Iversen
A1 Ruslan Turin
A1 Sergey Vasilyiev
A1 Sidsel Wåhlin
A1 Svetlana Borutskaya
A1 Svetlana Skochina
A1 Søren Anker Sørensen
A1 Søren H. Andersen
A1 Thomas Jørgensen
A1 Yuri B. Serikov
A1 Vyacheslav I. Molodin
A1 Vaclav Smrcka
A1 Victor Merz
A1 Vivek Appadurai
A1 Vyacheslav Moiseyev
A1 Yvonne Magnusson
A1 Kurt H. Kjær
A1 Niels Lynnerup
A1 Daniel J. Lawson
A1 Peter H. Sudmant
A1 Simon Rasmussen
A1 Thorfinn Korneliussen
A1 Richard Durbin
A1 Rasmus Nielsen
A1 Olivier Delaneau
A1 Thomas Werge
A1 Fernando Racimo
A1 Kristian Kristiansen
A1 Eske Willerslev
YR 2022
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/05/06/2022.05.04.490594.abstract
AB The transitions from foraging to farming and later to pastoralism in Stone Age Eurasia (c. 11-3 thousand years before present, BP) represent some of the most dramatic lifestyle changes in human evolution. We sequenced 317 genomes of primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia combined with radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Genome imputation and co-analysis with previously published shotgun sequencing data resulted in >1600 complete ancient genome sequences offering fine-grained resolution into the Stone Age populations. We observe that: 1) Hunter-gatherer groups were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply divergent between western and eastern Eurasia. 2) We identify hitherto genetically undescribed hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region that contributed ancestry to the later Yamnaya steppe pastoralists; 3) The genetic impact of the Neolithic transition was highly distinct, east and west of a boundary zone extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Large-scale shifts in genetic ancestry occurred to the west of this “Great Divide”, including an almost complete replacement of hunter-gatherers in Denmark, while no substantial ancestry shifts took place during the same period to the east. This difference is also reflected in genetic relatedness within the populations, decreasing substantially in the west but not in the east where it remained high until c. 4,000 BP; 4) The second major genetic transformation around 5,000 BP happened at a much faster pace with Steppe-related ancestry reaching most parts of Europe within 1,000-years. Local Neolithic farmers admixed with incoming pastoralists in eastern, western, and southern Europe whereas Scandinavia experienced another near-complete population replacement. Similar dramatic turnover-patterns are evident in western Siberia; 5) Extensive regional differences in the ancestry components involved in these early events remain visible to this day, even within countries. Neolithic farmer ancestry is highest in southern and eastern England while Steppe-related ancestry is highest in the Celtic populations of Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall (this research has been conducted using the UK Biobank resource); 6) Shifts in diet, lifestyle and environment introduced new selection pressures involving at least 21 genomic regions. Most such variants were not universally selected across populations but were only advantageous in particular ancestral backgrounds. Contrary to previous claims, we find that selection on the FADS regions, associated with fatty acid metabolism, began before the Neolithisation of Europe. Similarly, the lactase persistence allele started increasing in frequency before the expansion of Steppe-related groups into Europe and has continued to increase up to the present. Along the genetic cline separating Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Neolithic farmers, we find significant correlations with trait associations related to skin disorders, diet and lifestyle and mental health status, suggesting marked phenotypic differences between these groups with very different lifestyles. This work provides new insights into major transformations in recent human evolution, elucidating the complex interplay between selection and admixture that shaped patterns of genetic variation in modern populations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.