PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Zofia Korczak
AU  - Jesús Pineda
AU  - Saga Helgadottir
AU  - Benjamin Midtvedt
AU  - Mattias Goksör
AU  - Giovanni Volpe
AU  - Caroline B. Adiels
TI  - Dynamic live/apoptotic cell assay using phase-contrast imaging and deep learning
AID  - 10.1101/2022.07.18.500422
DP  - 2022 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2022.07.18.500422
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/07/19/2022.07.18.500422.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/07/19/2022.07.18.500422.full
AB  - Chemical live/dead assay has a long history of providing information about the viability of cells cultured in vitro. The standard methods rely on imaging chemically-stained cells using fluorescence microscopy and further analysis of the obtained images to retrieve the proportion of living cells in the sample. However, such a technique is not only time-consuming but also invasive. Due to the toxicity of chemical dyes, once a sample is stained, it is discarded, meaning that longitudinal studies are impossible using this approach. Further, information about when cells start programmed cell death (apoptosis) is more relevant for dynamic studies. Here, we present an alternative method where cell images from phase-contrast time-lapse microscopy are virtually-stained using deep learning. In this study, human endothelial cells are stained live or apoptotic and subsequently counted using the self-supervised single-shot deep-learning technique (LodeSTAR). Our approach is less labour-intensive than traditional chemical staining procedures and provides dynamic live/apoptotic cell ratios from a continuous cell population with minimal impact. Further, it can be used to extract data from dense cell samples, where manual counting is unfeasible.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.