PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Pelentritou, Andria
AU  - Pfeiffer, Christian
AU  - Schwartz, Sophie
AU  - De Lucia, Marzia
TI  - Cardio-audio synchronization elicits neural and cardiac surprise responses in human wakefulness and sleep
AID  - 10.1101/2022.03.03.482861
DP  - 2022 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2022.03.03.482861
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/10/24/2022.03.03.482861.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/10/24/2022.03.03.482861.full
AB  - The human brain can infer temporal regularities in auditory sequences with fixed sound-to-sound intervals and in pseudo-regular sequences where sound onsets are locked to cardiac inputs. Here, we investigated auditory and cardio-audio regularity encoding during sleep, when reduced vigilance may result in altered bodily and environmental stimulus processing. Using electroencephalography and electrocardiography in healthy volunteers (N=26) during wakefulness and sleep, we measured the response to unexpected sound omissions within three regularity conditions: isochronous, with fixed sound-to-sound intervals, synchronous, where sound and heartbeat are temporally coupled, and a control condition without specific regularity. The isochronous and synchronous sequences induced a modulation of the omission-evoked neural response in wakefulness and N2 sleep, the latter accompanied by a background oscillatory activity reorganization. Cardio-audio regularity encoding was accompanied by a heartbeat deceleration upon omissions in all vigilance states. The violation of auditory and cardio-audio regularity elicits neural and cardiac surprise responses across vigilance stages.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.