TY - JOUR T1 - A mind-body interface alternates with effector-specific regions in motor cortex JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/2022.10.26.513940 SP - 2022.10.26.513940 AU - Evan M. Gordon AU - Roselyne J. Chauvin AU - Andrew N. Van AU - Aishwarya Rajesh AU - Ashley Nielsen AU - Dillan J. Newbold AU - Charles J. Lynch AU - Nicole A. Seider AU - Samuel R. Krimmel AU - Kristen M. Scheidter AU - Julia Monk AU - Ryland L. Miller AU - Athanasia Metoki AU - David F. Montez AU - Annie Zheng AU - Immanuel Elbau AU - Thomas Madison AU - Tomoyuki Nishino AU - Michael J. Myers AU - Sydney Kaplan AU - Carolina Badke D’Andrea AU - Damion V. Demeter AU - Matthew Feigelis AU - Deanna M. Barch AU - Christopher D. Smyser AU - Cynthia E. Rogers AU - Jan Zimmermann AU - Kelly N. Botteron AU - John R. Pruett AU - Jon T. Willie AU - Peter Brunner AU - Joshua S. Shimony AU - Benjamin P. Kay AU - Scott Marek AU - Scott A. Norris AU - Caterina Gratton AU - Chad M. Sylvester AU - Jonathan D. Power AU - Conor Liston AU - Deanna J. Greene AU - Jarod L. Roland AU - Steven E. Petersen AU - Marcus E. Raichle AU - Timothy O. Laumann AU - Damien A. Fair AU - Nico U.F. Dosenbach Y1 - 2022/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/10/28/2022.10.26.513940.abstract N2 - Primary motor cortex (M1) has been thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus extending down precentral gyrus from foot to face representations1,2. The motor homunculus has remained a textbook pillar of functional neuroanatomy, despite evidence for concentric functional zones3 and maps of complex actions4. Using our highest precision functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and methods, we discovered that the classic homunculus is interrupted by regions with sharpy distinct connectivity, structure, and function, alternating with effector-specific (foot, hand, mouth) areas. These inter-effector regions exhibit decreased cortical thickness and strong functional connectivity to each other, and to prefrontal, insular, and subcortical regions of the Cingulo-opercular network (CON), critical for executive action5 and physiological control6, arousal7, and processing of errors8 and pain9. This interdigitation of action control-linked and motor effector regions was independently verified in the three largest fMRI datasets. Macaque and pediatric (newborn, infant, child) precision fMRI revealed potential cross-species analogues and developmental precursors of the inter-effector system. An extensive battery of motor and action fMRI tasks documented concentric somatotopies for each effector, separated by the CON-linked inter-effector regions. The inter-effector regions lacked movement specificity and co-activated during action planning (coordination of hands and feet), and axial body movement (e.g., abdomen, eyebrows). These results, together with prior work demonstrating stimulation-evoked complex actions4 and connectivity to internal organs (e.g., adrenal medulla)10, suggest that M1 is punctuated by an integrative system for implementing whole-body action plans. Thus, two parallel systems intertwine in motor cortex to form an integrate-isolate pattern: effector-specific regions (foot, hand, mouth) for isolating fine motor control, and a mind-body interface (MBI) for the integrative whole-organism coordination of goals, physiology, and body movement.Competing Interest StatementDAF and NUFD have a financial interest in NOUS Imaging Inc. and may financially benefit if the company is successful in marketing FIRMM motion-monitoring software products. DAF and NUFD may receive royalty income based on FIRMM technology developed at Washington University School of Medicine and Oregon Health and Sciences University and licensed to NOUS Imaging Inc. DAF and NUFD are co-founders of NOUS Imaging Inc. These potential conflicts of interest have been reviewed and are managed by Washington University School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University and the University of Minnesota. The other authors declare no competing interests. ER -