RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Host genetic background is a barrier to broadly effective vaccine protection: Relevance to BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2022.09.19.508548 DO 10.1101/2022.09.19.508548 A1 Rocky Lai A1 Diana Gong A1 Travis Williams A1 Abiola F. Ogunsola A1 Kelly Cavallo A1 Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn A1 Sarah Acolatse A1 Gillian L. Beamer A1 Martin T. Ferris A1 Christopher M. Sassetti A1 Douglas A. Lauffenburger A1 Samuel M. Behar YR 2022 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/11/29/2022.09.19.508548.abstract AB The heterogeneity of immune responses observed in humans is difficult to model in standard inbred laboratory mice. To capture the diversity inherent in mice and better understand how host variation affects BCG-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 24 unique Collaborative Cross (CC) recombinant inbred mouse strains and the C57BL/6 reference strain were vaccinated with or without BCG, and then challenged with low-dose aerosolized virulent M. tuberculosis. In contrast to standard lab strains, BCG protected only half of the CC strains tested. Furthermore, BCG efficacy is dissociable from inherent susceptibility to TB. As these strains differed primarily in the genes and alleles they inherited from the CC founder strains, we conclude that the host genetic background has a major influence on whether BCG confers protection against M. tuberculosis infection and indicates that host genetics should be considered as an important barrier to vaccine-mediated protection. Importantly, we wished to identify the components of the immune response stimulated by BCG, which were subsequently recalled after Mtb infection and associated with protection. The T cell immune response following BCG vaccination and Mtb challenge was extensively characterized. Although considerable diversity was observed, BCG vaccination had little impact on the composition of T cells recruited and maintained in the lung after infection. Instead, the variability was largely shaped by the genetic background. We developed models to detect vaccine-induced differences, which identified immune signatures associated with BCG-elicited protection against TB. Importantly, even when categorized as susceptible vs. resistant, and protected vs. unprotected, many of the protected CC strains had unique flavors of immunity, indicating multiple paths to protection. Thus, CC mice can be used to define correlates of protection and to identify vaccine strategies that protect a larger fraction of genetically diverse individuals instead of optimizing protection for a single genotype.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.