PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Daniel Y. Rubinstein
AU  - Christoph T. Weidemann
AU  - Michael R. Sperling
AU  - Michael J. Kahana
TI  - Direct Brain Recordings Suggest a Causal Subsequent-Memory Effect
AID  - 10.1101/2022.10.12.511606
DP  - 2023 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2022.10.12.511606
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2023/01/04/2022.10.12.511606.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2023/01/04/2022.10.12.511606.full
AB  - Endogenous variation in brain state and stimulus-specific evoked activity can both contribute to successful encoding. Previous studies, however, have not clearly distinguished among these components. We address this question by analyzing intracranial EEG recorded from epilepsy patients as they studied and subsequently recalled lists of words. We first trained classifiers to predict recall of either single items or entire lists and found that both classifiers exhibited similar performance. We found that list-level classifier output—a biomarker of successful encoding—tracked item presentation and recall events, despite having no information about the trial structure. Across widespread brain regions, decreased low- and increased high-frequency activity (HFA) marked successful encoding of both items and lists. We found regional differences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, where in the hippocampus HFA correlated more strongly with item recall, whereas in the prefrontal cortex HFA correlated more strongly with list performance. Despite subtle differences in item- and list-level features, the similarity in overall classification performance, spectral signatures of successful recall, and fluctuations of spectral activity across the encoding period argue for a shared endogenous process that causally impacts the brain’s ability to learn new information.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.