PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Raad, Ragheb AU - Ray, Deep AU - Varghese, Bino AU - Hwang, Darryl AU - Gill, Inderbir AU - Duddalwar, Vinay AU - Oberai, Assad A. TI - Conditional Generative Learning for Medical Image Imputation AID - 10.1101/2023.04.03.535422 DP - 2023 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 2023.04.03.535422 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2023/04/05/2023.04.03.535422.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2023/04/05/2023.04.03.535422.full AB - Image imputation refers to the task of generating a type of medical image given images of another type. This task becomes challenging when the difference between the available images, and the image to be imputed is large. In this manuscript, one such application, derived from the dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging of the kidneys, is considered: given an incomplete sequence of three CECT images, we are required to the impute the missing image. This task is posed as one of probabilistic inference and a generative algorithm to generate samples of the imputed image, conditioned on the available images, is developed, trained, and tested. The output of this algorithm is the “best guess” of the imputed image, and a pixel-wise image of variance in the imputation. It is demonstrated that this best guess is more accurate than those generated by other, deterministic deep-learning based algorithms, including ones which utilize additional information and more complex loss terms. It is also shown the pixel-wise variance image, which quantifies the confidence in the reconstruction, can be used to determine whether the result of the imputation meets a specified accuracy threshold and is therefore appropriate for a downstream task.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.