PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Amanda D. Lowe
AU  - Sami Bawazeer
AU  - David G. Watson
AU  - Suzanne McGill
AU  - Richard J.S. Burchmore
AU  - P.P (Paddy) Pomeroy
AU  - Malcolm W. Kennedy
TI  - Rapid changes in Atlantic grey seal milk from birth to desertion
AID  - 10.1101/170514
DP  - 2017 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 170514
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/08/01/170514.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/08/01/170514.full
AB  - True seals have the shortest lactation periods of any group of placental mammal. Most are capital breeders that undergo short, intense lactations, during which they fast while transferring substantial proportions of their body reserves to their pups, which they then abruptly desert. Milk was collected from Atlantic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) periodically from birth until near desertion. Milk protein profiles matured within 24 hours or less, indicating the most rapid transition from colostrum to mature phase lactation yet observed. There was an unexpected persistence of immunoglobulin G almost until weaning, potentially indicating prolonged trans-intestinal transfer of IgG. Among components of innate immune protection were found fucosyllactose and siallylactose that are thought to impede colonisation by pathogens and encourage an appropriate gut microbiome. These oligosaccharides decreased from early lactation to almost undetectable levels by weaning. Taurine levels were initially high, then fell, possibly indicative of taurine dependency in seals, and progressive depletion of maternal reserves. Metabolites that could signal changes in the mother’s metabolism of fats, such as nicotinamide and derivatives, rose from virtual absence, and acetylcarnitines fell. It is therefore possible that indicators of maternal metabolic strain exist that signal the imminence of desertion.