RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Automating Mendelian randomization through machine learning to construct a putative causal map of the human phenome
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 173682
DO 10.1101/173682
A1 Gibran Hemani
A1 Jack Bowden
A1 Philip Haycock
A1 Jie Zheng
A1 Oliver Davis
A1 Peter Flach
A1 Tom Gaunt
A1 George Davey Smith
YR 2017
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/08/10/173682.abstract
AB A major application for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been the emerging field of causal inference using Mendelian randomization (MR), where the causal effect between a pair of traits can be estimated using only summary level data. MR depends on SNPs exhibiting vertical pleiotropy, where the SNP influences an outcome phenotype only through an exposure phenotype. Issues arise when this assumption is violated due to SNPs exhibiting horizontal pleiotropy. We demonstrate that across a range of pleiotropy models, instrument selection will be increasingly liable to selecting invalid instruments as GWAS sample sizes continue to grow. Methods have been developed in an attempt to protect MR from different patterns of horizontal pleiotropy, and here we have designed a mixture-of-experts machine learning framework (MR-MoE 1.0) that predicts the most appropriate model to use for any specific causal analysis, improving on both power and false discovery rates. Using the approach, we systematically estimated the causal effects amongst 2407 phenotypes. Almost 90% of causal estimates indicated some level of horizontal pleiotropy. The causal estimates are organised into a publicly available graph database (http://eve.mrbase.org), and we use it here to highlight the numerous challenges that remain in automated causal inference.