PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Serra, Valentina AU - Gammuto, Leandro AU - Nitla, Venkatamahesh AU - Castelli, Michele AU - Lanzoni, Olivia AU - Sassera, Davide AU - Bandi, Claudio AU - Sandeep, Bhagavatula Venkata AU - Verni, Franco AU - Modeo, Letizia AU - Petroni, Giulio TI - Next generation taxonomy: integrating traditional species description with the holobiont concept and genomic approaches - The in-depth characterization of a novel <em>Euplotes</em> species as a case study AID - 10.1101/666461 DP - 2019 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 666461 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/06/11/666461.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/06/11/666461.full AB - In 1991 Margulis defined holobionts as the assemblage of “two or more organisms, members of different species” which remain associate “throughout a significant portion of the life history”. In recent times, holobionts have been described among many and far-related groups of living beings, such as plants, algae, insects, corals, and even humans. These studies have arisen an increasing interest in different contexts but, to our knowledge, the holobiont concept has not been applied in taxonomy. Here we propose a new approach to modern taxonomy, aimed to integrate the holobiont concept and genomic and bioinformatic analyses with the classical/morphological tools traditionally used in taxonomy. The inclusion of symbiont morphology, and of mitochondrial and symbiont genomes will allow the discipline to move toward what could become the “next generation taxonomy”. As an example of this new paradigm in the characterization of holobionts, we herein provide the taxonomic description of the ciliate protist Euplotes vanleeuwenhoeki sp. nov. (Euplotia, Ciliophora) and its bacterial endosymbiont “Candidatus Pinguicoccus supinus” gen. nov., sp. nov. (Opitutae, Verrucomicrobia). Interestingly, we found that this endosymbiont has an extremely reduced genome (~163 Kbp), which is suggestive of a high integration with the host and represents the first case of such an extreme reduction in Verrucomicrobia, and the first case in a protist host.