PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Heather D. Hickman
AU  - Jacqueline W. Mays
AU  - James Gibbs
AU  - Ivan Kosik
AU  - Javier Magadan
AU  - Kazuyo Takeda
AU  - Suman Das
AU  - Glennys V. Reynoso
AU  - Barbara F. Ngudiankama
AU  - JiaJie Wei
AU  - John P. Shannon
AU  - Daniel McManus
AU  - Jonathan W. Yewdell
TI  - Influenza A Virus Negative Strand RNA is Translated for CD8+ T Cell Immunosurveillance
AID  - 10.1101/261966
DP  - 2018 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 261966
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/07/261966.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/07/261966.full
AB  - To probe the limits of CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance, we inserted the model peptide SIINFEKL into influenza A virus (IAV) negative strand gene segments. Although IAV genomic RNA is widely considered as non-coding, there is a conserved, relatively long open reading frame present in the genomic strand of segment eight, encoding a potential protein termed NEG8. The biosynthesis of NEG8 from IAV has yet to be demonstrated. While we failed to detect NEG8 protein expression in IAV infected cells, cell surface Kb-SIINFEKL complexes are generated when SIINFEKL is genetically appended to the predicted COOH-terminus of NEG8, as shown by activation of OT-I T cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, recombinant IAV encoding SIINFEKL embedded in the negative strand of the NA-stalk coding sequence also activates OT-I T cells in vivo. Together, our findings demonstrate both the translation of sequences on the negative strand of a single stranded RNA virus and its relevance anti-viral immunosurveillance.Significance Every gene encodes complementary information on the opposite strand that can potentially be used for immunosurveillance. In this study, we show that the influenza A virus “non-coding” strand translated into polypeptides during a viral infection of either cultured cells or mice that can be recognized by CD8+ T cells. Our findings raise the possibility that influenza virus uses its negative strand to generate proteins useful to the virus. More generally, it adds to a growing literature showing that immunosurveillance extends to gene sequences generally thought not to be converted into proteins. The relevance of translating this “dark” information extends from viral immunity to cancer immunotherapy and autoimmunity.