RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Population genomics of the Viking world
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 703405
DO 10.1101/703405
A1 Ashot Margaryan
A1 Daniel Lawson
A1 Martin Sikora
A1 Fernando Racimo
A1 Simon Rasmussen
A1 Ida Moltke
A1 Lara Cassidy
A1 Emil Jørsboe
A1 Andrés Ingason
A1 Mikkel Pedersen
A1 Thorfinn Korneliussen
A1 Helene Wilhelmson
A1 Magdalena Buś
A1 Peter de Barros Damgaard
A1 Rui Martiniano
A1 Gabriel Renaud
A1 Claude Bhérer
A1 J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar
A1 Anna Fotakis
A1 Marie Allen
A1 Martyna Molak
A1 Enrico Cappellini
A1 Gabriele Scorrano
A1 Alexandra Buzhilova
A1 Allison Fox
A1 Anders Albrechtsen
A1 Berit Schütz
A1 Birgitte Skar
A1 Caroline Arcini
A1 Ceri Falys
A1 Charlotte Hedenstierna Jonson
A1 Dariusz Błaszczyk
A1 Denis Pezhemsky
A1 Gordon Turner-Walker
A1 Hildur Gestsdóttir
A1 Inge Lundstrøm
A1 Ingrid Gustin
A1 Ingrid Mainland
A1 Inna Potekhina
A1 Italo Muntoni
A1 Jade Cheng
A1 Jesper Stenderup
A1 Jilong Ma
A1 Julie Gibson
A1 Jüri Peets
A1 Jörgen Gustafsson
A1 Katrine Iversen
A1 Linzi Simpson
A1 Lisa Strand
A1 Louise Loe
A1 Maeve Sikora
A1 Marek Florek
A1 Maria Vretemark
A1 Mark Redknap
A1 Monika Bajka
A1 Tamara Pushkina
A1 Morten Søvsø
A1 Natalia Grigoreva
A1 Tom Christensen
A1 Ole Kastholm
A1 Otto Uldum
A1 Pasquale Favia
A1 Per Holck
A1 Raili Allmäe
A1 Sabine Sten
A1 Símun Arge
A1 Sturla Ellingvåg
A1 Vayacheslav Moiseyev
A1 Wiesław Bogdanowicz
A1 Yvonne Magnusson
A1 Ludovic Orlando
A1 Daniel Bradley
A1 Marie Louise Jørkov
A1 Jette Arneborg
A1 Niels Lynnerup
A1 Neil Price
A1 M. Thomas Gilbert
A1 Morten Allentoft
A1 Jan Bill
A1 Søren Sindbæk
A1 Lotte Hedeager
A1 Kristian Kristiansen
A1 Rasmus Nielsen
A1 Thomas Werge
A1 Eske Willerslev
YR 2019
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/07/17/703405.abstract
AB The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.