PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Emilie Dumas
AU  - Alice Feurtey
AU  - Ricardo C Rodríguez de la Vega
AU  - Stéphanie Le Prieur
AU  - Alodie Snirc
AU  - Monika Coton
AU  - Anne Thierry
AU  - Emmanuel Coton
AU  - Mélanie Le Piver
AU  - Daniel Roueyre
AU  - Jeanne Ropars
AU  - Antoine Branca
AU  - Tatiana Giraud
TI  - Independent domestication events in the blue-cheese fungus <em>Penicillium roqueforti</em>
AID  - 10.1101/451773
DP  - 2019 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 451773
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/07/22/451773.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/07/22/451773.full
AB  - Domestication provides an excellent framework for studying adaptive divergence. Using population genomics and phenotypic assays, we reconstructed the domestication history of the blue cheese mold Penicillium roqueforti. We showed that this fungus was domesticated twice independently. The population used in Roquefort originated from an old domestication event associated with weak bottlenecks and exhibited traits beneficial for pre-industrial cheese production (slower growth in cheese and greater spore production on bread, the traditional multiplication medium). The other cheese population originated more recently from the selection of a single clonal lineage, was associated to all types of blue cheese worldwide but Roquefort, and displayed phenotypes more suited for industrial cheese production (high lipolytic activity, efficient cheese cavity colonization ability and salt tolerance). We detected genomic regions affected by recent positive selection and putative horizontal gene transfers. This study sheds light on the processes of rapid adaptation and raises questions about genetic resource conservation.