PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Jens Joschinski
AU  - Dries Bonte
TI  - Diapause is not selected as a bet-hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes
AID  - 10.1101/752881
DP  - 2019 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 752881
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/06/752881.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/06/752881.full
AB  - Many organisms escape from lethal climatological conditions by entering a resistant resting stage called diapause, and it is essential that this strategy remains optimally timed with seasonal change. Climate change therefore exerts selection pressure on traits that regulate phenology, which is expected to cause the evolution of mean diapause timing, but also phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging strategies. Especially the latter as a strategy to cope with unpredictability is so far little considered in the context of climate change, and it is unknown whether it can readily evolve.Contemporary patterns of phenological strategies across a geographic range may provide information about their future evolvability. We thus extracted 447 diapause reaction norms from 57 studies. First, we correlated mean diapause timing with mean winter onset. Then we partitioned the reaction norm variance into a temporal component (phenotypic plasticity) and among-offspring variance (diversified bet-hedging) and correlated this variance composition with predictability of winter onset. Contrary to our expectation, mean diapause timing correlated only weakly with mean winter onset, as populations at high latitudes failed to track early onsets. Variance among offspring was also limited and correlated only weakly with environmental predictability, indicating little scope for bet-hedging. We conclude that evolutionary constraints limit the evolvability of phenological traits in a rapidly changing climate.