PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Alice Cibrario
AU  - Marta Avramova
AU  - Maria Dimopoulou
AU  - Maura Magani
AU  - Cécile Miot-Sertier
AU  - Albert Mas
AU  - Maria C. Portillo
AU  - Patricia Ballestra
AU  - Warren Albertin
AU  - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarede
AU  - Marguerite Dols-Lafargue
TI  - <em>Brettanomyces bruxellensis</em> wine isolates show high geographical dispersal and long remanence in cellars
AID  - 10.1101/763441
DP  - 2019 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 763441
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/09/763441.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/09/763441.full
AB  - Brettanomyces bruxellensis is the main wine spoiler yeast all over the world, yet the structuration of the populations associated with winemaking remains elusive. In this work, we considered 1411 wine isolates from 21 countries that were genotyped using twelve microsatellite markers. We confirmed that B. bruxellensis isolates from wine environments show high genetic diversity, with 58 and 42% of triploid and diploid individuals respectively distributed in 5 main genetic groups. The distribution in the genetic groups varied greatly depending on the country and/or the wine-producing region. However, the two wine triploid groups showing sulfite resistance/tolerance were identified in almost all regions/countries. Genetically identical isolates were also identified. The analysis of these clone groups revealed that a given genotype could be isolated repeatedly in the same winery over decades, demonstrating unsuspected remanence ability. Besides cellar residency, a great geographic dispersal was also evidenced, with some genotypes isolated in wines from different continents. Finally, the study of old isolates and/or isolates from old vintages revealed that only the diploid groups were identified prior 1990 vintages. The triploid groups were identified in subsequent vintages, and their proportion has increased steadily these last decades, suggesting adaptation to winemaking practices such as sulfite use. A possible evolutionary scenario explaining these results is discussed.