PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ekaterina Khrameeva
AU  - Ilia Kurochkin
AU  - Dingding Han
AU  - Patricia Guijarro
AU  - Sabina Kanton
AU  - Malgorzata Santel
AU  - Zhengzong Qian
AU  - Shen Rong
AU  - Pavel Mazin
AU  - Matvei Bulat
AU  - Olga Efimova
AU  - Anna Tkachev
AU  - Song Guo
AU  - Chet C. Sherwood
AU  - J. Gray Camp
AU  - Svante Paabo
AU  - Barbara Treutlein
AU  - Philipp Khaitovich
TI  - Single-cell-resolution transcriptome map of human, chimpanzee, bonobo, and macaque brains
AID  - 10.1101/764936
DP  - 2019 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 764936
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/10/764936.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/10/764936.full
AB  - Identification of gene expression traits unique to the human brain sheds light on the mechanisms of human cognition. Here we searched for gene expression traits separating humans from other primates by analyzing 88,047 cell nuclei and 422 tissue samples representing 33 brain regions of humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and macaques. We show that gene expression evolves rapidly within cell types, with more than two-thirds of cell type-specific differences not detected using conventional RNA sequencing of tissue samples. Neurons tend to evolve faster in all hominids, but non-neuronal cell types, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors, show more differences on the human lineage, including alterations of spatial distribution across neocortical layers.