PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lei Zhang
AU  - Bo Liu
AU  - Weigang Zheng
AU  - Conghui Liu
AU  - Dandan Zhang
AU  - Shengyuan Zhao
AU  - Pengjun Xu
AU  - Kenneth Wilson
AU  - Amy Withers
AU  - Christopher M. Jones
AU  - Judith A. Smith
AU  - Gilson Chipabika
AU  - Donald L. Kachigamba
AU  - Kiwoong Nam
AU  - Emmanuelle d’Alençon
AU  - Bei Liu
AU  - Xinyue Liang
AU  - Minghui Jin
AU  - Chao Wu
AU  - Swapan Chakrabarty
AU  - Xianming Yang
AU  - Yuying Jiang
AU  - Jie Liu
AU  - Xiaolin Liu
AU  - Weipeng Quan
AU  - Guirong Wang
AU  - Wei Fan
AU  - Wanqiang Qian
AU  - Kongming Wu
AU  - Yutao Xiao
TI  - High-depth resequencing reveals hybrid population and insecticide resistance characteristics of fall armyworm (<em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>) invading China
AID  - 10.1101/813154
DP  - 2019 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 813154
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/10/21/813154.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/10/21/813154.full
AB  - The rapid wide-scale spread of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has caused serious crop losses globally. However, differences in the genetic background of subpopulations and the mechanisms of rapid adaptation behind the invasion are still not well understood. Here we report a 393.25-M chromosome-level genome assembly of fall armyworm with scaffold N50 of 13.3 M consisting of 23281 annotated protein-coding genes. Genome-wide resequencing of 105 samples from 16 provinces in China revealed that the fall armyworm population comprises a complex inter-strain hybrid, mainly with the corn-strain genetic background and less of the rice-strain genetic background, which highlights the inaccuracy of strain identification using mitochondrial or Tpi genes. An analysis of genes related to pesticide- and Bt-resistance showed that the risk of fall armyworm developing resistance to conventional pesticides is very high, while remaining currently susceptible to Bt toxins. Laboratory bioassay results showed that insects invading China carry resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides, which is consistent with the results of molecular scanning of resistance-related genes, but are sensitive to genetically modified maize expressing Cry1Ab in field experiments. Additionally, we found that two mitochondrial fragments are inserted into the nuclear genome, and the insertion event occurred after the differentiation of the two strains. This study represents a valuable advancement toward the analysis of genetic differences among subpopulations and improving management strategies for fall armyworm.