Regular ArticleOntogeny of dominance in free-living spotted hyaenas: juvenile rank relations with other immature individuals
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2017, Animal BehaviourCitation Excerpt :Observations of each adult female's aggressive and submissive behaviours during dyadic agonistic interactions were used to construct the hierarchy, as described previously (Martin & Bateson, 1988; Smale, Frank, & Holekamp, 1993). Juveniles ‘inherit’ dominance ranks immediately below those of their mothers in a process of social learning that is not complete until at least 18 months of age (Holekamp & Smale, 1993; Smale et al., 1993). Hyaenas of both sexes retain their maternal ranks as long as they reside in the natal clan, which females do throughout their lives, but most males disperse to new clans at 2–5 years of age (Frank, 1986; Holekamp & Smale, 1998).
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