Elsevier

Animal Behaviour

Volume 62, Issue 5, November 2001, Pages 917-925
Animal Behaviour

Regular Articles
Interactions between shoal size and conformity in guppy social foraging

https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1820Get rights and content

Abstract

Previous experimental studies have established that shoaling fish forage more effectively in large than small groups. We investigated how shoal size affects the foraging efficiency of laboratory populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, exposed to different foraging tasks. Experiment 1 confirmed the prediction that in open water the first fish and focal fish of larger shoals locate food faster than in smaller shoals. However, a second experiment, in which shoals of fish were required to swim through a hole in an opaque partition to locate food, found the reverse pattern: smaller shoals learned to complete the task faster than large shoals. Experiment 3, in which shoals of various sizes were exposed to a transparent maze partition, clarified the apparent contradictory results of the first two experiments, with larger shoals again learning to complete the task faster than small shoals. The findings of experiments 2 and 3 can be explained in terms of positive frequency-dependent social learning, or conformity. This facilitated social learning in large groups in experiment 3 where visual contact could be maintained through the partition, but hindered it in experiment 2 where visual contact was lost once a fish had passed through the partition. The findings raise the possibility that novel behavioural innovations, particularly those that require individuals to break contact with the group, may be more likely to spread in smaller than larger groups of animals.

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      There is also a reduction in aggressiveness in some social species, with large groups having few dominant fish capable of suppressing the subordinate’s aggressive tendencies (Sakakura and Tsukamoto, 1998). In shoal species, the housing of larger groups can lead to an increase in foraging activity (Day et al., 2001; Magurran and Pitcher, 1983; Morgan and Colgan, 1987). Because in the wild larger groups have lower individual predation risk (Roberts, 1996), it is plausible that captive fish raised in larger groups will have a larger sense of security allowing them to devote more time to foraging activities (Milinski, 1993).

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    f1

    Correspondence: R. L. Day, Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, U.K. (email:[email protected]).

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    C. Brown is now at the Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K.

    f3

    S. M. Reader is now at the Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montrèal, Quèbec H3A 1B1, Canada.

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