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Viral Molecular Machines pp 143–179Cite as

Short Noncontractile Tail Machines: Adsorption and DNA Delivery by Podoviruses

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 726))

Abstract

Tailed dsDNA bacteriophage virions bind to susceptible cells with the tips of their tails and then deliver their DNA through the tail into the cells to initiate infection. This chapter discusses what is known about this process in the short-tailed phages (Podoviridae). Their short tails require that many of these virions adsorb to the outer layers of the cell and work their way down to the outer membrane surface before releasing their DNA. Interestingly, the receptor-binding protein of many short-tailed phages (and some with long tails) has an enzymatic activity that cleaves their polysaccharide receptors. Reversible adsorption and irreversible adsorption to primary and secondary receptors are discussed, including how sequence divergence in tail fiber and tailspike proteins leads to different host specificities. Upon reaching the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells, some podoviral tail machines release virion proteins into the cell that help the DNA efficiently traverse the outer layers of the cell and/or prepare the cell cytoplasm for phage genome arrival. Podoviruses utilize several rather different variations on this theme. The virion DNA is then released into the cell; the energetics of this process is discussed. Phages like T7 and N4 deliver their DNA relatively slowly, using enzymes to pull the genome into the cell. At least in part this mechanism ensures that genes in late-entering DNA are not expressed at early times. On the other hand, phages like P22 probably deliver their DNA more rapidly so that it can be circularized before the cascade of gene expression begins.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all our colleagues in this unusually collegial research field for many years of open and insightful discussions. We especially thank our own coworkers for their contributions to our respective research programs, which are supported by NIH grants GM32095 to IJM and AI074825 to SRC.

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  1. Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA

    Sherwood R. Casjens

  2. Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Ian J. Molineux

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Correspondence to Sherwood R. Casjens .

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  1. Dept. Biological Sciences, Purdue University, W. State St. 915, West Lafayette, 47907-2054, Indiana, USA

    Michael G. Rossmann

  2. Dept. Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, 20064, District of Columbia, USA

    Venigalla B. Rao

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Casjens, S.R., Molineux, I.J. (2012). Short Noncontractile Tail Machines: Adsorption and DNA Delivery by Podoviruses. In: Rossmann, M., Rao, V. (eds) Viral Molecular Machines. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 726. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_7

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