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Peripheral Inflammation and Demyelinating Diseases

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Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 949))

Abstract

In recent decades, several neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to be exacerbated by systemic inflammatory processes. There is a wide range of literature that demonstrates a clear but complex relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immunological system, both under naïve or pathological conditions. In diseased brains, peripheral inflammation can transform “primed” microglia into an “active” state, which can trigger stronger pathological responses. Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by inflammatory lesions associated with demyelination, which in turn induces axonal damage, neurodegeneration, and progressive loss of function. Among them, the most important are multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). In this review, we will analyze the effect of specific peripheral inflammatory stimuli in the progression of demyelinating diseases and discuss their animal models. In most cases, peripheral immune stimuli are exacerbating.

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Abbreviations

AQP4:

Aquaporin-4

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

CCL2:

Chemokine CC motif ligand 2

CCR2:

Chemokine CC motif receptor 2

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CXCR2:

CXC motif chemokine receptor type 2

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

GC:

Glucocorticoids

HPA:

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal

HPG:

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal

IFN:

Interferons

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NMO:

Neuromyelitis optica

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear

PPMS:

Primary progressive MS

RRMS:

Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

SGK1:

Serum glucocorticoid kinase 1

SPMS:

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

Th:

T helper

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

WBC:

White blood cells

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Acknowledgments

Carina C. Ferrari and Verónica Murta are members of the Research Career of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Argentina. CF is supported by CONICET (PIP 2012-2014, 11220110100560) and National Agency of Science and Technology of Argentina (ANPCyT) (PICT 2012-2014).

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  1. Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Verónica Murta

  2. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Carina Ferrari

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  1. Verónica Murta
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Correspondence to Carina Ferrari .

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  1. Faculty of Medicine Professor of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Rommy von Bernhardi

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Murta, V., Ferrari, C. (2016). Peripheral Inflammation and Demyelinating Diseases. In: von Bernhardi, R. (eds) Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 949. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_13

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