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Regulation of Cell Division

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Vertebrate Development

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 953))

Abstract

The challenging task of mitotic cell divisions is to generate two genetically identical daughter cells from a single precursor cell. To accomplish this task, a complex regulatory network evolved, which ensures that all events critical for the duplication of cellular contents and their subsequent segregation occur in the correct order, at specific intervals and with the highest possible fidelity. Transitions between cell cycle stages are triggered by changes in the phosphorylation state and levels of components of the cell cycle machinery. Entry into S-phase and M-phase are mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), serine-threonine kinases that require a regulatory cyclin subunit for their activity. Resetting the system to the interphase state is mediated by protein phosphatases (PPs) that counteract Cdks by dephosphorylating their substrates. To avoid futile cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, Cdks and PPs must be regulated in a manner such that their activities are mutually exclusive.

The original version of this chapter was revised. An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_11

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_11

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Abbreviations

AGC-type:

Protein kinase A, G and C families

Anp32:

Acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family

APC/C:

Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome

Arpp19:

cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 19 kDa

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

βTRCP:

Beta-transducin repeat-containing protein

Bub3:

Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3

BubR1:

Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles related 1

c-TAK1:

Cdc25C-associated protein kinase 1

CAK:

Cdk-activating kinase

CaMKII :

Calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Cdc:

Cell division cycle

Cdks:

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Chk:

Checkpoint kinase

CIP2A:

Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A

CK1:

Casein kinase 1

CPC:

Chromosomal passenger complex

CPE:

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element

CPEB :

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein

CTD:

C-terminal domain

D-box :

Destruction box

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

E2F:

E2-factor

E6AP:

E6-associated protein

Emi1 :

Early mitotic inhibitor 1

Ensa:

Endosulfine α

ES cells:

Embryonic stem cells

FCP1:

TFIIF-associating CTD phosphatase-1

FZR :

Fizzy related/Cdh1

FZY :

Fizzy/Cdc20

G1:

Gap phase 1

GSK3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β

Gwl :

Greatwall

HECT:

Homologous to E6AP C-terminus

I2:

Inhibitor-2

ICM:

Inner cell mass

Knl1:

Kinetochore-null protein 1

KO:

Knockout

M-phase:

Mitotic phase and Cytokinesis

MII:

Meiosis II

Mad2:

Mitotic arrest deficient 2

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MBT:

Midblastula transition

MCC :

Mitotic checkpoint complex

MPF:

Maturation-promoting factor

Myc:

Myc proto-oncogene protein

Myt1:

Membrane-associated tyrosine and threonine kinase 1

NEBD :

Nuclear envelope breakdown

PDK1:

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1

PIPs:

PP1-interacting proteins

PKA :

Protein kinase A

Plx1:

Xenopus Polo-like kinase 1

PP1:

Protein phosphatase type 1

PP2A:

Protein phosphatase type 2A

PPMs :

Metal-dependent protein phosphatases

PPPs :

Phosphoprotein phosphatases

PPs:

Protein phosphatases

PRC1:

Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1

Repo-Man:

Recruits PP1 onto mitotic chromatin at anaphase

RING:

Really interesting new gene

Rsk2:

Ribosomal S6-kinase family member 2

S-phase:

Synthesis phase

SAC :

Spindle assembly checkpoint

SCF:

Skp1, Cullin and F-box protein

SCP:

Small CTD phosphatases

Sds22:

Suppressor of dis2

siRNA:

Small-interfering ribonucleic acid

T-loop:

Activation loop

Ubc:

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme

UTR:

Untranslated region

UV-light:

Ultraviolet light

Wee1:

Wee1-like protein kinase

XErp1 :

Xenopus Emi1 -related protein 1/Emi2

ZGA :

Zygotic genome activation

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Acknowledgements

We apologise to all colleagues whose work could not be cited because of space limitations. We thank the members of the Mayer lab for helpful comments on the chapter. This work was supported by funding from the Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB) and the Collaborative Research Center 969 ‘Chemical and Biological Principles of Cellular Proteostasis’ of the German Research Foundation (DFG).

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    1. Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany

      Andreas Heim, Beata Rymarczyk & Thomas U. Mayer

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    1. Andreas Heim
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    Correspondence to Thomas U. Mayer .

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    1. Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

      Francisco Pelegri

    2. Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

      Michael Danilchik

    3. Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

      Ann Sutherland

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    Heim, A., Rymarczyk, B., Mayer, T.U. (2017). Regulation of Cell Division. In: Pelegri, F., Danilchik, M., Sutherland, A. (eds) Vertebrate Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 953. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_3

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