Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Canine and Feline Microbiomes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Understanding Host-Microbiome Interactions - An Omics Approach

Abstract

There is an increasing appreciation for the importance of the symbiotic relationship between microbes and their mammalian hosts in modulating companion animal health and nutrition. Indeed, the colonisation dynamics and influence of microorganisms inhabiting such body systems as the gastrointestinal tract (from mouth to anus) show many similarities between dogs and cats and their human counterparts. However, given the evolutionary divergence of these host species, as well as inherent differences in their diet and lifestyle, disparities in both the microbial communities and their impact on host health do exist. These differences are perhaps best exemplified in the oral cavity where microbial communities, host physiology and dietary influences result in differences in disease prevalence and phenotypic characteristics. Companion animals such as dogs and cats rarely experience dental caries which are commonly found in humans. However, periodontal disease, a destructive inflammation of the gums and periodontal soft tissues which is modulated by the microbiota, has an alarming prevalence within both the dog and cat population. Similarly, within the gastrointestinal tract, asymptomatic colonisation of dogs and cats by species known to be pathogenic within the human host is widely reported. This highlights the need to better understand these host microbial interactions in species-specific models.

Insights into the microbial species that inhabit these ecological niches have been achieved through targeted 16S rDNA gene sequencing of the microbiota. Meanwhile, shotgun sequencing approaches have generated further novel insights linking taxonomy with functionality and have started to help delineate links between such functionality and possible outcomes for host health and disease.

In this chapter we review recent findings describing the microbiota and microbiomes of the dog and cat with particular focus on the oral and gastrointestinal microbial communities and their interplay with nutritional influences and the health of the host.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abecia LHL, Khoo C, Frantz N, Mccartney AL (2010) Effects of a novel galactooligosaccharide on the faecal microbiota of healthy and inflammatory bowel disease cats during a randomized, double-blind, cross-over feeding study. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 5:61–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler CJ, Malik R, Browne GV, Norris JM (2016) Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. Microbiome 4:23

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2:675–680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Asmakh M, Zadjali F (2015) Use of germ-free animal models in microbiota-related research. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:1583–1588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allenspach K (2015) Bacteria involved in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec 176:251–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allenspach K, House A, Smith K, Mcneill FM, Hendricks A, Elson-Riggins J, Riddle A, Steiner JM, Werling D, Garden OA, Catchpole B, Suchodolski JS (2010) Evaluation of mucosal bacteria and histopathology, clinical disease activity and expression of Toll-like receptors in German shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathies. Vet Microbiol 146:326–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antharam VC, Li EC, Ishmael A, Sharma A, Mai V, Rand KH, Wang GP (2013) Intestinal dysbiosis and depletion of butyrogenic bacteria in Clostridium difficile infection and nosocomial diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 51:2884–2892

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Antharam VC, Mcewen DC, Garrett TJ, Dossey AT, Li EC, Kozlov AN, Mesbah Z, Wang GP (2016) An integrated metabolomic and microbiome analysis identified specific gut microbiota associated with fecal cholesterol and coprostanol in Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS One 11:e0148824

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI (2005) Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307:1915–1920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baele M, Decostere A, Vandamme P, Van Den Bulck K, Gruntar I, Mehle J, Mast J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (2008) Helicobacter baculiformis sp. nov., isolated from feline stomach mucosa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:357–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry KA, Middelbos IS, Vester Boler BM, Dowd SE, Suchodolski JS, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, White BA, Fahey GC Jr, Swanson KS (2012) Effects of dietary fiber on the feline gastrointestinal metagenome. J Proteome Res 11:5924–5933

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batt Rm NJ, Carter MW (1983) Bacterial overgrowth associated with a naturally occurring enteropathy in the German shepherd dog. Res Vet Sci 35:42–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker AA, Hesta M, Hollants J, Janssens GP, Huys G (2014) Phylogenetic analysis of faecal microbiota from captive cheetahs reveals underrepresentation of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteriaceae. BMC Microbiol 14:43

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JA, Kopper JJ, Turnbull JA, Barbu NI, Murphy AJ, Mansfield LS (2008) Ecological characterization of the colonic microbiota of normal and diarrheic dogs. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008:149694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beloshapka AN, Dowd SE, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Duclos L, Swanson KS (2013) Fecal microbial communities of healthy adult dogs fed raw meat-based diets with or without inulin or yeast cell wall extracts as assessed by 454 pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 84:532–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benno Y, Nakao H, Uchida K, Mitsuoka T (1992) Impact of the advances in age on the gastrointestinal microflora of Beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci 54:703–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermingham EN, Young W, Kittelmann S, Kerr KR, Swanson KS, Roy NC, Thomas DG (2013) Dietary format alters fecal bacterial populations in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Microbiology 2:173–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, Bucci L, Pini E, Nikkila J, Monti D, Satokari R, Franceschi C, Brigidi P, De Vos W (2010) Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 5:e10667

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booij-Vrieling HE, Van Der Reijden WA, Houwers DJ, De Wit WE, Bosch-Tijhof CJ, Penning LC, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Hazewinkel HA (2010) Comparison of periodontal pathogens between cats and their owners. Vet Microbiol 144:147–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley CW, Morris DO, Rankin SC, Cain CL, Misic AM, Houser T, Mauldin EA, Grice EA (2016) Longitudinal evaluation of the skin microbiome and association with microenvironment and treatment in canine atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 136:1182–1190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burnie AG, Simpson JW, Lindsay D, Miles RS (1983) The excretion of campylobacter, salmonellae and Giardia lamblia in the faeces of stray dogs. Vet Res Commun 6:133–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busch K, Suchodolski JS, Kuhner KA, Minamoto Y, Steiner JM, Mueller RS, Hartmann K, Unterer S (2015) Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. Vet Rec 176:253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butković V, Šimpraga M, Šehić M, Stanin D, Sušić V, Capak D, Kos J (2001) Dental diseases of dogs: a retrospective study of radiological data. Acta Vet Brno 70:203–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaban B, Links MG, Hill JE (2012) A molecular enrichment strategy based on cpn60 for detection of epsilon-proteobacteria in the dog fecal microbiome. Microb Ecol 63:348–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O’Sullivan O, Greene-Diniz R, De Weerd H, Flannery E, Marchesi JR, Falush D, Dinan T, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C, Van Sinderen D, O’Connor M, Harnedy N, O’Connor K, Henry C, O’Mahony D, Fitzgerald AP, Shanahan F, Twomey C, Hill C, Ross RP, O’Toole PW (2011) Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(Suppl 1):4586–4591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Parfrey LW, Knight R (2012) The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell 148:1258–1270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlén G, Charalampakis G, Abrahamsson I, Bengtsson L, Falsen E (2012) Predominant bacterial species in subgingival plaque in dogs. J Periodontal Res 47:354–364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis IJ, Wallis C, Deusch O, Colyer A, Milella L, Loman N, Harris S (2013) A cross-sectional survey of bacterial species in plaque from client owned dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. PLoS One 8:e83158

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Godoy MR, Kerr KR, Fahey GC Jr (2013) Alternative dietary fiber sources in companion animal nutrition. Forum Nutr 5:3099–3117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado S, Suarez A, Mayo B (2006) Identification of dominant bacteria in feces and colonic mucosa from healthy Spanish adults by culturing and by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Dig Dis Sci 51:744–751

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desai AR, Musil KM, Carr AP, Hill JE (2009) Characterization and quantification of feline fecal microbiota using cpn60 sequence-based methods and investigation of animal-to-animal variation in microbial population structure. Vet Microbiol 137:120–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA (2008) The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol 6:e280

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deusch O, O’Flynn C, Colyer A, Morris P, Allaway D, Jones PG, Swanson KS (2014) Deep Illumina-based shotgun sequencing reveals dietary effects on the structure and function of the fecal microbiome of growing kittens. PLoS One 9:e101021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deusch O, O’Flynn C, Colyer A, Swanson KS, Allaway D, Morris P (2015) A longitudinal study of the feline microbiome identifies changes into early adulthood irrespective of sexual development, PLoS One 10:e0144881

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewhirst FE, Klein EA, Thompson EC, Blanton JM, Chen T, Milella L, Buckley CMF, Davis IJ, Bennett ML, Marshall-Jones ZV (2012) The canine oral microbiome. PLoS One 7:e36067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dewhirst FE, Klein EA, Bennett ML, Croft JM, Harris SJ, Marshall-Jones ZV (2015) The feline oral microbiome: a provisional 16S rRNA gene based taxonomy with full-length reference sequences. Vet Microbiol 175:294–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl K, Rosychuk RAW (1993) Feline gingivitis-stomatitis-pharyngitis. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 23:139–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolieslager SM, Riggio MP, Lennon A, Lappin DF, Johnston N, Taylor D, Bennett D (2011) Identification of bacteria associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Vet Microbiol 148:93–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimi A, Oskuiezadeh K, Khoshnevisan R (2010) A study on the prevalent bacterial population in oral cavity of owned healthy dogs and cats. Intas Polivet 11:271–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308:1635–1638

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott DR, Wilson M, Buckley CMF, Spratt DA (2005) Cultivable oral microbiota of domestic dogs. J Clin Microbiol 43:5470–5476

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farris MH, Olson JB (2007) Detection of Actinobacteria cultivated from environmental samples reveals bias in universal primers. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:376–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fejerskov O, Kidd E (2008) Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, Conlan S, Deming C, Meyer JA, Schoenfeld D, Nomicos E, Park M, Program NIHISCCS, Kong HH, Segre JA (2013) Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature 498:367–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Forsblom B, Love DN, Sarkiala-Kessel E, Jousimies-Somer H (1997) Characterization of anaerobic, gram-negative, nonpigmented, saccharolytic rods from subgingival sites in dogs. Clin Infect Dis 25(Suppl 2):S100–S106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster JA, Bunge J, Gilbert JA, Moore JH (2012) Measuring the microbiome: perspectives on advances in DNA-based techniques for exploring microbial life. Brief Bioinform 13:420–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foster ML, Dowd SE, Stephenson C, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2013) Characterization of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in fecal samples from dogs. Vet Med Int 2013:658373

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fredricks DN, Smith C, Meier A (2005) Comparison of six DNA extraction methods for recovery of fungal DNA as assessed by quantitative PCR. J Clin Microbiol 43:5122–5128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fukata M, Abreu MT (2007) TLR4 signalling in the intestine in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 35:1473–1478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Suchodolski JS, Jones KR, Clark-Price SC, Dowd SE, Minamoto Y, Markel M, Steiner JM, Dossin O (2012) Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of healthy dogs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 80:624–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett WS, Gordon JI, Glimcher LH (2010) Homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine. Cell 140:859–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • German AJ, Day MJ, Ruaux CG, Steiner JM, Williams DA, Hall EJ (2003) Comparison of direct and indirect tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:33–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Vazquez-Baeza Y, Van Treuren W, Ren B, Schwager E, Knights D, Song SJ, Yassour M, Morgan XC, Kostic AD, Luo C, Gonzalez A, Mcdonald D, Haberman Y, Walters T, Baker S, Rosh J, Stephens M, Heyman M, Markowitz J, Baldassano R, Griffiths A, Sylvester F, Mack D, Kim S, Crandall W, Hyams J, Huttenhower C, Knight R, Xavier RJ (2014) The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe 15:382–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Girard N, Servet E, Biourge V, Hennet P (2009) Periodontal health status in a colony of 109 cats. J Vet Dent 26:147–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Moore GE, Goldstein GS, Lewis HB (2009) Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:486–494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorrel C (2015) Tooth resorption in cats: pathophysiology and treatment options. J Feline Med Surg 17:37–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greetham HL, Giffard C, Hutson RA, Collins MD, Gibson GR (2002) Bacteriology of the Labrador dog gut: a cultural and genotypic approach. J Appl Microbiol 93:640–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grice EA (2015) The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic- and metagenomic-based insights. Genome Res 25:1514–1520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guard BC, Barr JW, Reddivari L, Klemashevich C, Jayaraman A, Steiner JM, Vanamala J, Suchodolski JS (2015) Characterization of microbial dysbiosis and metabolomic changes in dogs with acute diarrhea. PLoS One 10:e0127259

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA (2012) The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:717–725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamp SE, Olsson SE, Farsø-Madsen K, Viklands P, Fornell J (1984) A macroscopic and radiological investigation of dental diseases of the dog. Vet Radiol 25:86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hand D, Wallis C, Colyer A, Penn CW (2013) Pyrosequencing the canine faecal microbiota: breadth and depth of biodiversity. PLoS One 8:e53115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Handl S, Dowd SE, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2011) Massive parallel 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals highly diverse fecal bacterial and fungal communities in healthy dogs and cats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 76:301–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham J, Dreier K, Wong J, Sfintescu C, Evans RT (2005) Pigmented-anaerobic bacteria associated with canine periodontitis. Vet Microbiol 106:119–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris S, Croft J, O’Flynn C, Deusch O, Colyer A, Allsopp J, Milella L, Davis IJ (2015) A pyrosequencing investigation of differences in the feline subgingival microbiota in health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis. PLoS One 10:e0136986

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey CE, Thornsberry C, Miller BR (1995) Subgingival bacteria—comparison of culture results in dogs and cats with gingivitis. J Vet Dent 12:147–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennet PR, Harvey CE (1991a) Aerobes in periodontal disease in the dog: a review. J Vet Dent 8:9–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennet PR, Harvey CE (1991b) Anaerobes in periodontal disease in the dog: a review. J Vet Dent 8:18–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennet PR, Harvey CE (1991c) Spirochetes in periodontal disease in the dog: a review. J Vet Dent 8:16–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holcombe LJ, Patel N, Colyer A, Deusch O, O’Flynn C, Harris S (2014) Early canine plaque biofilms: characterization of key bacterial interactions involved in initial colonization of enamel. PLoS One 9:e113744

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooda S, Vester Boler BM, Kerr KR, Dowd SE, Swanson KS (2013) The gut microbiome of kittens is affected by dietary protein:carbohydrate ratio and associated with blood metabolite and hormone concentrations. Br J Nutr 109:1637–1646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Human Microbiome Project C (2012) A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 486:215–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ihrke PJ, Schwartzman RM, Mcginley K, Horwitz LN, Marples RR (1978) Microbiology of normal and seborrheic canine skin. Am J Vet Res 39(9):1487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inness VL, Mccartney AL, Khoo C, Gross KL, Gibson GR (2007) Molecular characterisation of the gut microflora of healthy and inflammatory bowel disease cats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with special reference to Desulfovibrio spp. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 91:48–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson MA, Jeffery IB, Beaumont M, Bell JT, Clark AG, Ley RE, O’Toole PW, Spector TD, Steves CJ (2016) Signatures of early frailty in the gut microbiota. Genome Med 8:8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janeczko S, Atwater D, Bogel E, Greiter-Wilke A, Gerold A, Baumgart M, Bender H, Mcdonough PL, Mcdonough SP, Goldstein RE, Simpson KW (2008) The relationship of mucosal bacteria to duodenal histopathology, cytokine mRNA, and clinical disease activity in cats with inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Microbiol 128:178–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia J, Frantz N, Khoo C, Gibson GR, Rastall RA, Mccartney AL (2010) Investigation of the faecal microbiota associated with canine chronic diarrhoea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 71:304–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston KLA, Batt RM (1993) An unexpected bacterial flora in the proximal small intestine of normal cats. Vet Rec 132:2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston K, Lamport A, Batt R (1993) An unexpected bacterial flora in the proximal small intestine of normal cats. Vet Rec 132:362–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston KL, Swift NC, Forster-Van Hijfte M, Rutgers HC, Lamport A, Ballavre O, Batt RM (2001) Comparison of the bacterial flora of the duodenum in healthy cats and cats with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:48–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jumpstart Consortium Human Microbiome Project Data Generation Working G (2012) Evaluation of 16S rDNA-based community profiling for human microbiome research. PLoS One 7:e39315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kathrani A, House A, Catchpole B, Murphy A, German A, Werling D, Allenspach K (2010) Polymorphisms in the TLR4 and TLR5 gene are significantly associated with inflammatory bowel disease in German shepherd dogs. PLoS One 5:e15740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kathrani A, House A, Catchpole B, Murphy A, Werling D, Allenspach K (2011a) Breed-independent toll-like receptor 5 polymorphisms show association with canine inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue Antigens 78:94–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kathrani A, Schmitz S, Priestnall SL, Smith KC, Werling D, Garden OA, Allenspach K (2011b) CD11c+ cells are significantly decreased in the duodenum, ileum and colon of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Comp Pathol 145:359–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K (2011c) Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec 169:635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong HH, Segre JA (2012) Skin microbiome: looking back to move forward. J Invest Dermatol 132:933–939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kortegaard HE, Eriksen T, Baelum V (2008) Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs—an epidemiological study. J Small Anim Pract 49:610–616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostic AD, Gevers D, Siljander H, Vatanen T, Hyötyläinen T, Hämäläinen AM, Peet A, Tillmann V, Pöhö P, Mattila I, Lähdesmäki H, Franzosa EA, Vaarala O, de Goffau M, Harmsen H, Ilonen J, Virtanen SM, Clish CB, Orešič M, Huttenhower C, Knip M, Group DS, Xavier RJ (2015) The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe 17:260–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krogh HV, Kristensen S (1976) A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats: II. Microflora of the normal skin of dogs and cats. Nord Vet Med 28:459–463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyllar M, Witter K (2005) Prevalence of dental disorders in pet dogs. Vet Med 50:496–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Langille MG, Zaneveld J, Caporaso JG, Mcdonald D, Knights D, Reyes JA, Clemente JC, Burkepile DE, Vega Thurber RL, Knight R, Beiko RG, Huttenhower C (2013) Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nat Biotechnol 31:814–821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lavy E, Goldberger D, Friedman M, Steinberg D (2012) Values and mineral content of saliva in different breeds of dogs. Isr J Vet Med 67:244–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI (2005) Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:11070–11075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Ramey RR, Bircher JS, Schlegel ML, Tucker TA, Schrenzel MD, Knight R, Gordon JI (2008) Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320:1647–1651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lommer MJ, Verstraete FJ (2001) Radiographic patterns of periodontitis in cats: 147 cases (1998–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:230–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowden P, Wallis C, Gee N, Hilton A (2015) Investigating the prevalence of Salmonella in dogs within the Midlands region of the United Kingdom. BMC Vet Res 11:239–245

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magaji AA, Saulawa MA, Salihu MD, Junaidu AU, Shittu A, Gulumbe ML, Chafe UM, Buhari S, Raji AA (2008) Oral microflora of stray domestic cats (Felis catus) found in the premises of two human hospitals in Sokoto, Nigeria. Sokoto J Vet Sci 7:9–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Malewska K, Rychlik A, Nieradka R, Kander M (2011) Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats. Pol J Vet Sci 14:165–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallonee DH, Harvey CE, Venner M, Hammond BF (1988) Bacteriology of periodontal disease in the cat. Arch Oral Biol 33:677–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manchester AC, Hill S, Sabatino B, Armentano R, Carroll M, Kessler B, Miller M, Dogan B, Mcdonough SP, Simpson KW (2013) Association between granulomatous colitis in French Bulldogs and invasive Escherichia coli and response to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. J Vet Intern Med 27:56–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchesi JR, Adams DH, Fava F, Hermes GD, Hirschfield GM, Hold G, Quraishi MN, Kinross J, Smidt H, Tuohy KM, Thomas LV, Zoetendal EG, Hart A (2016) The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut 65:330–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks SL, Rankin SC, Byrne BA, Weese JS (2011) Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control. J Vet Intern Med 25:1195–1208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh PD (2000) Role of the oral microflora in health. Microb Ecol Health Dis 12:130–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcmahon LA, House AK, Catchpole B, Elson-Riggins J, Riddle A, Smith K, Werling D, Burgener IA, Allenspach K (2010) Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in duodenal biopsies from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with severity of disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 135:158–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meason-Smith C, Diesel A, Patterson AP, Older CE, Johnson TJ, Mansell JM, Suchodolski JS, Rodrigues Hoffmann A (2016) Characterization of the cutaneous mycobiota in healthy and allergic cats using next generation sequencing. Vet Dermatol 28:71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mentula S, Harmoinen J, Heikkila M, Westermarck E, Rautio M, Huovinen P, Kononen E (2005) Comparison between cultured small-intestinal and fecal microbiotas in beagle dogs. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4169–4175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Middelbos IS, Vester Boler BM, Qu A, White BA, Swanson KS, Fahey GC Jr (2010) Phylogenetic characterization of fecal microbial communities of dogs fed diets with or without supplemental dietary fiber using 454 pyrosequencing. PLoS One e9768:5

    Google Scholar 

  • Minamoto Y, Hooda S, Swanson KS, Suchodolski JS (2012) Feline gastrointestinal microbiota. Anim Health Res Rev 13:64–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minamoto Y, Dhanani N, Markel ME, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2014) Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea. Vet Microbiol 174:463–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minamoto Y, Otoni CC, Steelman SM, Buyukleblebici O, Steiner JM, Jergens AE, Suchodolski JS (2015) Alteration of the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 6:33–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moser I, Rieksneuwohner B, Lentzsch P, Schwerk P, Wieler LH (2001) Genomic heterogeneity and O-antigenic diversity of Campylobacter upsaliensis and Campylobacter helveticus strains isolated from dogs and cats in Germany. J Clin Microbiol 39:2548–2557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neish AS (2013) Redox signaling mediated by the gut microbiota. Free Radic Res 47:950–957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neish AS, Jones RM (2014) Redox signaling mediates symbiosis between the gut microbiota and the intestine. Gut Microbes 5:250–253

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen HB, Almeida M, Juncker AS, Rasmussen S, Li J, Sunagawa S, Plichta DR, Gautier L, Pedersen AG, Le Chatelier E, Pelletier E, Bonde I, Nielsen T, Manichanh C, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Quintanilha Dos Santos MB, Blom N, Borruel N, Burgdorf KS, Boumezbeur F, Casellas F, Dore J, Dworzynski P, Guarner F, Hansen T, Hildebrand F, Kaas RS, Kennedy S, Kristiansen K, Kultima JR, Leonard P, Levenez F, Lund O, Moumen B, Le Paslier D, Pons N, Pedersen O, Prifti E, Qin J, Raes J, Sorensen S, Tap J, Tims S, Ussery DW, Yamada T, Meta HITC, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Bork P, Wang J, Brunak S, Ehrlich SD, Meta HITC (2014) Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes. Nat Biotechnol 32(8):822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niemiec BA (2008) Oral pathology. Top Companion Anim Med 23:59–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiyama SAB, Senhorinho GNA, Giosa MA, Avilo-Campos MJ (2007) Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival specimens of dogs. Braz J Microbiol 38:23–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris CR, Marks SL, Eaton KA, Torabian SZ, Munn RJ, Solnick JV (1999) Healthy cats are commonly colonized with “Helicobacter heilmannii” that is associated with minimal gastritis. J Clin Microbiol 37:189–194

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flynn C, Deusch O, Darling AE, Eisen JA, Wallis C, Davis IJ, Harris SJ (2015) Comparative genomics of the genus Porphyromonas identifies adaptations for heme synthesis within the prevalent canine oral species Porphyromonas cangingivalis. Genome Biol Evol 7:3397–3413

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2015) Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res 277:32–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill DG, Church DB, PD MG, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC (2014a) Prevalence of disorders recorded in cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Vet J 202:286–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill DG, Church DB, PD MG, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC (2014b) Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 9:e90501

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oh C, Lee K, Cheong Y, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB (2015) Comparison of the oral microbiomes of canines and their owners using next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 10:e0131468

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packey CD, Sartor RB (2009) Commensal bacteria, traditional and opportunistic pathogens, dysbiosis and bacterial killing in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22:292–301

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panasevich MR, Kerr KR, Dilger RN, Fahey GC Jr, Guerin-Deremaux L, Lynch GL, Wils D, Suchodolski JS, Steer JM, Dowd SE, Swanson KS (2015) Modulation of the faecal microbiome of healthy adult dogs by inclusion of potato fibre in the diet. Br J Nutr 113:125–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitriou SA (2016) Detection and quantification of subgingival plaque bacteria in Beagle dogs. J Vet Sci Anim Welf 1:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Papasouliotis K, Sparkes AH, Werrett G, Egan K, Gruffydd-Jones EA, Gruffydd-Jones TJ (1998) Assessment of the bacterial flora of the proximal part of the small intestine in healthy cats, and the effect of sample collection method. Am J Vet Res 59:48–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel N, Colyer A, Harris S, Holcombe L, Andrew P (2016) The prevalence of canine oral protozoa and their association with periodontal disease. J Eukaryot Microbiol 64(3):286–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlica Z, Petelin M, Juntes P, Erzen D, Crossley DA, Skaleric U (2008) Periodontal disease burden and pathological changes in organs of dogs. J Vet Dent 25:97–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Salcedo L, Herrera D, Esteban-Saltiveri D, Leon R, Jeusette I, Torre C, O’Connor A, Gonzalez I, Gonzalez I (2013) Isolation and identification of Porphyromonas spp. and other putative pathogens from cats with periodontal disease. J Vet Dent 30:208–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perrone JE (2010) Gingivostomatitis in cats. Vet Tech 31:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Turner K, Zhu H, Yu C, Li S, Jian M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Li S, Qin N, Yang H, Wang J, Brunak S, Dore J, Guarner F, Kristiansen K, Pedersen O, Parkhill J, Weissenbach J, Meta HITC, Bork P, Ehrlich SD, Wang J (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Quince C, Lanzen A, Curtis TP, Davenport RJ, Hall N, Head IM, Read LF, Sloan WT (2009) Accurate determination of microbial diversity from 454 pyrosequencing data. Nat Methods 6:639–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Smidt H, De Vos WM (2007) Diversity of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Environ Microbiol 9:2125–2136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramadan Z, Zhang P, Jacobs DM, Tavazzi I, Kochhar S (2007) An NMR- and MS-based metabonomic investigation of saliva metabolic changes in feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)-diseased cats. Metabolomics 3:113–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramadan Z, Xu H, Laflamme D, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Li QJ, Labuda J, Bourqui B (2014) Fecal microbiota of cats with naturally occurring chronic diarrhea assessed using 16S rRNA gene 454-pyrosequencing before and after dietary treatment. J Vet Intern Med 28:59–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter AM, Lewis JR, Okuda A (2005) Update on the etiology of tooth resorption in domestic cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:913–942. vii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggio MP, Lennon A, Taylor DJ, Bennett D (2011) Molecular identification of bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease. Vet Microbiol 150:394–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie LE, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2008) Assessment of microbial diversity along the feline intestinal tract using 16S rRNA gene analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:590–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie LE, Burke KF, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2010) Characterization of fecal microbiota in cats using universal 16S rRNA gene and group-specific primers for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. Vet Microbiol 144:140–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riviere GR, Thompson AJ, Brannan RD, Mccoy DE, Simonson LG (1996) Detection of pathogen-related oral spirochetes, Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii in dental plaque from dogs. J Vet Dent 13:135–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MP, Adley CC (2014) Ralstonia spp.: emerging global opportunistic pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:291–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senhorinho GN, Nakano V, Liu C, Song Y, Finegold SM, Avila-Campos MJ (2011) Detection of Porphyromonas gulae from subgingival biofilms of dogs with and without periodontitis. Anaerobe 17:257–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senhorinho GN, Nakano V, Liu C, Song Y, Finegold SM, Avila-Campos MJ (2012) Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Porphyromonas spp. and Fusobacterium spp. in dogs with and without periodontitis. Anaerobe 18:381–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson K (2013) Managing canine inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Focus 23:29–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson KW, Dogan B, Rishniw M, Goldstein RE, Klaessig S, Mcdonough PL, German AJ, Yates RM, Russell DG, Johnson SE, Berg DE (2006) Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli is associated with granulomatous colitis in boxer dogs. Infect Immun 74:4778–4792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith K, Mccoy KD, Macpherson AJ (2007) Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota. Semin Immunol 19:59–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer F, Backhed F (2013) The gut microbiota—masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:227–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song SJ, Lauber C, Costello EK, Lozupone CA, Humphrey G, Berg-Lyons D, Caporaso JG, Knights D, Clemente JC, Nakielny S, Gordon JI, Fierer N, Knight R (2013) Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs. Elife 2:e00458

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spor A, Koren O, Ley R (2011) Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:279–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon AC, Costa M, Weese JS (2012) Preliminary evaluation of the bacterial microbiome of the skin and ear in dogs. Vet Dematol 23:68

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon A, Stull JW, Costa MC, Weese JS (2013) Metagenomic analysis of the canine oral cavity as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Vet Microbiol 162:891–898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturgeon A, Pinder SL, Costa MC, Weese JS (2014) Characterization of the oral microbiota of healthy cats using next-generation sequencing. Vet J 201:223–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS (2011) Intestinal microbiota of dogs and cats: a bigger world than we thought. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41:261–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Camacho J, Steiner JM (2008a) Analysis of bacterial diversity in the canine duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon by comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:567–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Morris EK, Allenspach K, Jergens AE, Harmoinen JA, Westermarck E, Steiner JM (2008b) Prevalence and identification of fungal DNA in the small intestine of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathies. Vet Microbiol 132:379–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG, Paddock CG, Steiner JM, Jergens AE (2010) Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in duodenal biopsies from dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Microbiol 142:394–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Dowd SE, Wilke V, Steiner JM, Jergens AE (2012a) 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals bacterial dysbiosis in the duodenum of dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 7:e39333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Markel ME, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Unterer S, Heilmann RM, Dowd SE, Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Minamoto Y, Dillman EM, Steiner JM, Cook AK, Toresson L (2012b) The fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 7:e51907

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suchodolski JS, Foster ML, Sohail MU, Leutenegger C, Queen EV, Steiner JM, Marks SL (2015) The fecal microbiome in cats with diarrhea. PLoS One 10:e0127378

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunvold GD, Fahey GC Jr, Merchen NR, Bourquin LD, Titgemeyer EC, Bauer LL, Reinhart GA (1995) Dietary fiber for cats: in vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by cat fecal inoculum and in vivo utilization of diets containing selected fiber sources and their blends. J Anim Sci 73:2329–2339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson KS, Dowd SE, Suchodolski JS, Middelbos IS, Vester BM, Barry KA, Nelson KE, Torralba M, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Cann IK, White BA, Fahey GC Jr (2011) Phylogenetic and gene-centric metagenomics of the canine intestinal microbiome reveals similarities with humans and mice. ISME J 5:639–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syed SA, Svanberg M, Svanberg G (1981) The predominant cultivable dental plaque flora of beagle dogs with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 8:45–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tap J, Mondot S, Levenez F, Pelletier E, Caron C, Furet JP, Ugarte E, Munoz-Tamayo R, Paslier DL, Nalin R, Dore J, Leclerc M (2009) Towards the human intestinal microbiota phylogenetic core. Environ Microbiol 11:2574–2584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tun HM, Brar MS, Khin N, Jun L, Hui RK, Dowd SE, Leung FC (2012) Gene-centric metagenomics analysis of feline intestinal microbiome using 454 junior pyrosequencing. J Microbiol Methods 88:369–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–1031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI (2009) A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valdez M, Haines R, Riviere KH, Thomas DD (2000) Isolation of oral spirochetes from dogs and cats and provisional identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis specific for human plaque Treponema spp. J Vet Dent 17:23–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez-Baeza Y, Hyde ER, Suchodolski JS, Knight R (2016) Dog and human inflammatory bowel disease rely on overlapping yet distinct dysbiosis networks. Nat Microbiol 1:16177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wade WG (2013) The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacol Res 69:137–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis C, Marshall M, Colyer A, O’Flynn C, Deusch O, Harris S (2015) A longitudinal assessment of changes in bacterial community composition associated with the development of periodontal disease in dogs. Vet Microbiol 181(3–4):271–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Heazlewood SP, Krause DO, Florin THJ (2003) Molecular characterization of the microbial species that colonize human ileal and colonic mucosa by using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. J Appl Microbiol 95:508–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Washabau RJ, Day MJ (2012) Canine & Feline Gastroenterology. VI Diseases of the Gastrointestinal tact, Bacterial infection, Hellicobacter. Elsevier Saunders 622–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams RC (1990) Periodontal disease. N Engl J Med 322:373–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winer JN, Arzi B, Verstraete FJ (2016) Therapeutic management of feline chronic gingivostomatitis: a systematic review of the literature. Front Vet Sci 3:54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xenoulis PG, Palculict B, Allenspach K, Steiner JM, Van House AM, Suchodolski JS (2008) Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial communities imbalances in the small intestine of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:579–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarco MF, Vess TJ, Ginsburg GS (2012) The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Dis 18:109–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoetendal EG, Akkermans ADL, Akkermans-van Vliet WM, de Visser JGM, de Vos WM (2001a) The host genotype affects the bacterial community in the human gastronintestinal tract. Microb Ecol Health Dis 13:129–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoetendal EG, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans AD, Abee T, De Vos WM (2001b) DNA isolation protocols affect the detection limit of PCR approaches of bacteria in samples from the human gastrointestinal tract. Syst Appl Microbiol 24:405–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoetendal EG, Cheng B, Koike S, Mackie RI (2004) Molecular microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract: from phylogeny to function. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 5:31–48

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK

    Corrin V. Wallis, Zoe V. Marshall-Jones, Oliver Deusch & Kevin R. Hughes

Authors
  1. Corrin V. Wallis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zoe V. Marshall-Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Oliver Deusch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kevin R. Hughes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Corrin V. Wallis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Saurashtra University, UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

    Ravindra Pal Singh

  2. Saurashtra University, UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

    Ramesh Kothari

  3. Anand Agricultural University, College of Vet. Sc. & Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India

    Prakash G. Koringa

  4. Saurashtra University, UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

    Satya Prakash Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wallis, C.V., Marshall-Jones, Z.V., Deusch, O., Hughes, K.R. (2017). Canine and Feline Microbiomes. In: Singh, R., Kothari, R., Koringa, P., Singh, S. (eds) Understanding Host-Microbiome Interactions - An Omics Approach. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5050-3_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation