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Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions

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Abstract

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study.

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Abbreviations

AAV:

Adeno-associated virus

aDTA:

Attenuated version of the diphtheria toxin

AH:

Anterior hypothalamus

AP:

Alkaline phosphatase

BST:

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

CNO:

Clozapine N-oxide

cOPN:

Olivary pretectal nucleus core

CTB:

Cholera toxin B subunit

dLGN:

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

DREADDs:

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs

DTA:

Diphtheria toxin

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

iDTR:

Inducible diphtheria toxin receptor

IGL:

Intergeniculate leaflet

IPL:

Inner plexiform layer

iPLR:

Intrinsic pupillary light reflex

ipRGC:

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

LH:

Lateral hypothalamic area

LHb:

Lateral habenula

MA:

Medial amygdaloid nucleus

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

PAG:

Periaqueductal gray

PDE:

Phosphodiesterase

PHb:

Perihabenular nucleus

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PLR:

Pupillary light reflex

pSON:

Peri-supraoptic nucleus

R26:

Rosa26

RGC:

Retinal ganglion cell

SC:

Superior colliculus

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

sOPN:

Olivary pretectal nucleus shell

SPZ:

Subparaventricular zone

TRPC:

Transient receptor potential channels

vLGN:

Ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

VLPO:

Ventral lateral preoptic area

X-gal:

5-Bromo- 4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopyranoside

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by Sloan Research Fellowship to T.M.S. and NIH grant 1DP2EY022584 to T.M.S. We would like to thank Schmidt Lab members Kayla Miguel, Ely Contreras, and Jarildy Javier for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Marcos L. Aranda & Tiffany M. Schmidt

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Tiffany M. Schmidt

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Aranda, M.L., Schmidt, T.M. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78, 889–907 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5

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