Abstract
Rationale
Novel stimuli paired with exposure to addictive drugs can elicit approach through Pavlovian learning. While such approach behavior, or sign tracking, has been documented for cocaine and alcohol, it has not been shown to occur with opiate drugs like heroin. Most Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigms use an operandum as the sign, so that sign tracking can be easily automated.
Objectives
We were interested in assessing whether approach behavior occurs to an audiovisual cue paired with an intravenous heroin infusion. If so, would this behavior exhibit characteristics of other Pavlovian conditioned behaviors, such as extinction and spontaneous recovery?
Methods
Rats were repeatedly exposed to an audiovisual cue, similar to that used in standard self-administration models, along with an intravenous heroin infusion. Sign tracking was measured in an automated fashion by analyzing motion pixels within the cue zone during each cue presentation.
Results
We were able to observe significant sign tracking after only five pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (US). This behavior rapidly extinguished over 2 days, but exhibited pronounced spontaneous recovery 3 weeks later.
Conclusions
We conclude that sign tracking measured by these methods exhibits all the characteristics of a classically conditioned behavior. This model can be used to examine the Pavlovian component of drug memories, alone, or in combination with self-administration methods.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Jasper A. Heinsbroek for editing the Supplemental Video and Dr. Matthew W. Feltenstein for helpful advice on the use of the backpack catheters.
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This video illustrates the acquisition of sign-tracking behavior from day 1 of Conditioning to day 5. The video has been edited to show only the "cue on" periods ±10 s before and after the cue. Sign tracking is absent on day 1, but evident in all four rats from this quad unit on day 5. Bouts of sign tracking are indicated by white arrows. (MP4 31427 kb)
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Peters, J., De Vries, T.J. Pavlovian conditioned approach, extinction, and spontaneous recovery to an audiovisual cue paired with an intravenous heroin infusion. Psychopharmacology 231, 447–453 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3258-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3258-7