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The stem cell system in demosponges: suggested involvement of two types of cells: archeocytes (active stem cells) and choanocytes (food-entrapping flagellated cells)

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Abstract

Major questions about stem cell systems include what type(s) of stem cells are involved (unipotent/totipotent/pluripotent/multipotent stem cells) and how the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells are regulated. Sponges, the sister group of all other animals and probably the earliest branching multicellular lineage of extant animals, are thought to possess totipotent stem cells. This review introduces what is known about the stem cells in sponges based on histological studies and also on recent molecular biological studies that have started to reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the stem cell system in sponges (mainly in demosponges). The currently proposed model of the stem cell system in demosponges is described, and the possible applicability of this model to other classes of sponges is discussed. Finally, a possible scenario of the evolution of stem cells, including how migrating stem cells arose in the urmetazoan (the last common ancestor of metazoans) and the evolutionary origin of germ line cells in the urbilaterian (the last common ancestor of bilaterians), are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Kiyokazu Agata for his support and discussions and Dr. Nicole Boury-Esnault and Dr. Maja Adamska for giving me their knowledge and for the discussions about stem cells and germ cells in homoscleromorphs and calcareous sponges. I also would like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Nakajima for the discussion, intensive reading, and correction of the English of this manuscript. I am also grateful to Dr. Alexandre Alie and Dr. Kazuko Okamoto for the helpful discussions. N.F. was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, the Global COE Program A06 to Kyoto University, and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows.

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  1. Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Noriko Funayama

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  1. Noriko Funayama
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Correspondence to Noriko Funayama.

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Communicated by Volker Hartenstein

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Funayama, N. The stem cell system in demosponges: suggested involvement of two types of cells: archeocytes (active stem cells) and choanocytes (food-entrapping flagellated cells). Dev Genes Evol 223, 23–38 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-012-0417-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-012-0417-5

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