Abstract
Chigger mites are a large group of arthropods and the larvae of mites are ectoparasites. Some species of ectoparasitic mites (larvae) can be the transmitting vectors of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Yunnan Province is located in the southwest of China with complicated topographic landform and high biodiversity, where there are five zoogeographical subregions. Rodents and some other small mammals were trapped and examined for ectoparasitic chigger mites in 29 investigation sites in Yunnan during 2001–2013. From 13,760 individuals and 76 species of small mammal hosts, we collected 274 species of mites, which were identified as comprising 26 genera in two families. The species diversity of chigger mites (274 species) in the present study were not only much higher than that from other provinces of China but also largely exceeded that recorded from other regions and countries in the world. Of the five zoogeographical subregions, both the species diversity and Shannon-Weiner’s diversity of mites were the highest in subregion II (southern subregion of Hengduan Mountains) with middle altitudes and middle latitude. Both the species diversity of mites and Shannon–Wiener diversity index showed a parabolic tendency from the low altitude (<500 m) to the high altitude (>3500 m) along the vertical gradients with the peak occurring in the middle-altitude regions (2000–2500 m). Of four dominant hosts, the species richness of mites was highest on Eothenomys miletus (S = 165) and Shannon–Wiener diversity index was highest on Rattus norvegicus (H = 3.13). Along latitude gradients, species richness of chigger mites increased first and then decreased, peaking at 25° to 26° N with 193 mite species. The geographical location, complex topography, and landscape with diverse small mammal hosts in Yunnan Province have contributed to the extremely high species diversity of mites in the province. The large sampling size of small mammal hosts in a wide geographical scope within a long time span also made it possible to have collected so many species of chigger mites.
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References
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Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere thanks to following people who have made contributions in the field investigation and laboratory work: De-cai Ouyang, Shuang-lin Wang, Yun-Ji Zou, Xue-Song He, Peng Hou, Peng-biao Yang, Xue-sen Wu, Biao Yang, Nan Zhao, some colleagues, and college students. The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Xian-Guo Guo (Nos. 81160208 and 81260259).
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The sampling of the voles was officially permitted by the local authority of wildlife service in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The use of animals (voles) for study was also officially approved at the Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University.
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Appendix
Appendix
A taxonomic name-list of chigger mites collected from 29 investigation sites in Yunnan Province of China from 2001 to 2013 (The figures in the parentheses are the collected individuals for each mite species, and asterisk represents the transmitting vectors of scrub typhus or tsutsugamushi disease)
Family Trombiculidae | |
Subfamily Trombiculinae Ewing, 1929 | |
Genus Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 | |
Leptotrombidium scutellare * Nagayo et al., 1921 (17416); L. sinicum Yu et al., 1981 (10,417) | |
L. parapalpale Womersley, 1952 (4617) | L. eothenomydis Yu et Yang, 1986 (4095) |
L. hiemalis Yu et al., 1982 (3915) | L. rusticum Yu, Yang et Gong, 1986 (4291) |
L. shuqui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (3353) | L. wangi Yu et al., 1986 (2389) |
L. hsui Yu et al., 1986 (300) | L. densipunctatum Yu et al., 1982 (4011) |
L. yongshengense Yu et Yang, 1986 (2352) | L. yui * Chen et Hsu, 1955 (1951) |
L. deliense * Walch, 1922 (5770) | L. xiaguanense Yu et Yang, 1981 (950) |
L. rubellum * Wang et Liao, 1984 (675) | L. yuebeinse Zhao, 1982 (5) |
L. imphalum * Vercammen-Grandjean et Langston, 1975 (1157) | L. heiense Wen, 1984 (6) |
L. gongshanense Yu et al., 1981 (770) | L. spicanisetum Yu et al., 1986 (252) |
L. cuonae Wang, Pan et Yan, 1996 (26) | L. kunmingense Wen et Xiang, 1984 (33) |
L. deplanoscutum Yu et Zi, 1981 (82) | L. lianghense Yu et al., 1983 (252) |
L. quadrifurcatum Wen et Xiang, 1984 (23) | L. kaohuense * Yang et al., 1959 (225) |
L. xiaowei Wen et Xiang, 1984 (322) | L. chuanxi Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (4) |
L. sheshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (84) | L. qujingense Yu et al., 1981 (34) |
L. dianchi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (232) | L. jinmai Wen et Xiang, 1984 (898) |
L. nudisensillum Yu et al., 1981 (112) | L. longimedium Wen et Xiang, 1984 (602) |
L. akamushi * Barumpt, 1910 (182) | L. alpinum Yu et Yang, 1986 (481) |
L. trapezoidum Wang et al., 1981 (67) | L. allosetum Wang et al., 1981 (144) |
L. pallidum * Nagayo et al., 1919 (263) | L. sinotupaium Wen et Xiang, 1984 (321) |
L. robustisetum Yu et al., 1983 (311) | L. bawangense Zhao, 1982 (10) |
L. biluoxueshanense Yu et al., 1982 (72) | L. cangjiangense Yu et al., 1981 (48) |
L. kawamurai Fukuzumi et Obata, 1953 (7) | L. dongluoense Wang et al., 1981 (36) |
L. dichotogalium Xiang et Wen, 1986 (7) | L. fuji Kuwata et al., 1950 (1) |
L. hupeicum Ma et Hsu, 1965 (2) | L. apodemi Wen et Sun, 1984 (27) |
L. kiangsuense Chen, 1975 (1) | L. intermedium Nagayo et al., 1920 (50) |
L. rectanguloscutum Hsu et Chen, 1964 (8) | L. longchuanense Yu et al., 1981 (121) |
L. qiui Yu et al., 1986 (14) | L. filasensillum Wang et Song, 1982 (9) |
L. biji Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1571) | L. apodevrieri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (181) |
L. suense Wen, 1984 (238) | L. yigongense Wu et Wen, 1984 (2) |
L. kitasatoi Fukuzum et Obata, 1956 (68) | L. huangdi Wen et Zhang, 1984 (20) |
L. zhongdianense Yu et Yang, 1981 (149) | L. bishanense Yu et al., 1986 (744) |
L. yunlingense Yu et Zhang, 1981 (736) | L. ejingshanense Yu et al., 1982 (1761) |
L. baoshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (356) | L. laojunshanense Yu et al., 1986 (323) |
L. caudatum Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (318) | L. xinjiangense Shao et Wen, 1984 (3) |
L. jianshanense Yu et al., 1982 (5) | L. saltuosum Yu et al., 1982 (32) |
L. sexsetum Yu et Hu, 1981 (449) | L. rupestre * Traub et Nadchatram, 1967 (209) |
L. bambicola Wen et Xiang, 1984 (503) | L. miyajimai Fukuzumi and Obata, 1951 (1) |
L. subintermedium Jameson et Toshioka, 1954 (4) | L. liaoji Wen et Sun, 1984 (21) |
L. dihumerale Traub et Nadchatram, 1967 (131) | L. rattistae Wen et al., 1984 (1) |
L. linhuaikongense Wen et Hsu, 1961 (59) | L. myotis Ewing, 1929 (1) |
L. fujianense Liao et Wang, 1983 (234) | L. burnsi Sasa et al., 1953 (3) |
L. insulare * Wei et al., 1989 (11) | L. sixinum Wen et al., 1984 (23) |
L. gemiticulum Traub et al., 1958 (10) | L. yunnanense Yu et al., 1980 (222) |
L. rufocanum Wang et Liu, 1989 (295) | L. linji Wen et Sun, 1984 (38) |
L. huangchuanense Yang, 1994 (17) | L. bayanense Yang, 1994 (70) |
L. submagnum Wang et al., 1988 (5) | L. hengdun Wu et Wen, 1984 (1) |
L. palpale Nagayo et al., 1919 (1) | L. yulini Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
L. lushanense Wang et Song, 1991 (1) | L. shanghaense Wen et Lu, 1984 (10) |
L. xishani Wen et Xiang, 1984 (36) | L. guzhangense Wang et al., 1985 (27) |
L. taishanicum Meng et al., 1983 (27) | L. dahai Wen et Xu, 1984 (2) |
L. muntiaci Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1705) | L. shuyui Wen et al., 1984 (5) |
L. pavlovskyi Schulger, 1948 (1) | L. nyctali Wen et Sun, 1984 (1) |
L. neotebraci Xiang et Wen, 1986 (6) | L. bengbuense Chen et Fan, 1981 (43) |
L. postfoliatum Wang, Liao et Lin, 1981 (21) | |
Genus Trombiculindus Radford, 1948 | |
Trombiculindus alpinus Yu et Yang, 1979 (12) | T. heishuiense Zhou et al., 1986 (2) |
T. qianye Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (5) | T. yunnanus Wang et Yu, 1965 (1551) |
T. cuneatus Traub et Evans, 1951 (58) | T. bambusoides Wang et Yu, 1965 (447) |
T. kuanye Wen et Xiang, 1984 (5) | T. hylomydis Wang et Yu, 1965 (34) |
T. nujiange Wen et Xiang, 1984 (145) | T. chilie Wen et Xiang, 1984 (67) |
T. shaoye Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (2) | T. duoji Wu et Wen, 1984 (1) |
Genus Neotrombicula Hirst, 1925 | |
Neotrombicula wendai Wen et Wu, 1984 (1) | N. longmenis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (16) |
N. deqinensis Yu et Wang, 1981 (262) | N. japonica Tanaka et al., 1930 (123) |
N. tongtianhensis Yang et al., 1995 (70) | N. tamiyai Philip et Fuller, 1950 (1) |
N. aeretes Hsu et Yang, 1985 (214) | N. vulgaris Schluger, 1955 (41) |
N. microtomici Wen et al., 1984 (72) | N. microti Ewing, 1928 (256) |
N. pomeranzori Schluger, 1984 (5) | N. sinica Wang, 1964 (7) |
N. marmotae Wen et al., 1984 (17) | N. gamaensis Yang, 1985 (1) |
Genus Muritrombicula dali Yu, Gong et Tao, 1981 | |
Muritrombicula dali Yu, Gong et Tao, 1981 (3) | |
Genus Chiroptella Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 | |
Chiroptella anhuiensis Chen et al., 1980 (7) | |
Genus Lorillatum Nadchatram, 1963 | |
Lorillatum flagellasensilla Wang et Song, 1992 (39) | L. tungshihensis Hsu et Chen, 1964 (17) |
Genus Microtrombicula Ewing, 1950 | |
Microtrombicula trapezoidiscuta Zhao, 1985 (2) | M. munda Gater, 1932 (309) |
M. nadchatrami Vercammen-Grandjean, 1965 (4) | |
Genus Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938 | |
Eutrombicula hirsti Sambon, 1927 (49) | E. wichmanni Oudemans, 1905 (27) |
Genus Helenicula Audy, 1954 | |
Helenicula kohlsi Philip et Woodward, 1946 (50) | H. abaensis Wang, Zhai et Chen, 1984 (10) |
H. comata Womersley, 1952 (1) | H. myospalacis Huang, 1986 (8) |
H. miyagawai Sasa kumada et Miura, 1951 (81) | H. aulacochaeta Sun, Wang et Wang, 1986 (1) |
H. rattihaikonga Hsu et Chen, 1957 (3) | H. globularis Walch, 1927 (56) |
H. yunnanensis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (62) | H. edibakeri Nadchatram et Traub, 1971 (8) |
H. saihsuensis Hsu et Chen, 1964 (10) | H. olsufjevi Schulger, 1955 (5) |
H. litchia Liu, Hsu, Wen et al., 1965 (3) | H. simena Hsu et Chen, 1957 (5566) |
H. hsui Zhao, 1990 (1362) | |
Genus Doloisia Oudemans, 1910 | |
Doloisia sinensis Liang et Huang, 1959 (1) | D. brachypus Audy et Nadchatram, 1957 (35) |
D. moica Chen et Hsu, 1965 (31) | D. manipurensis Radford, 1946 (9) |
D. hexasternosetosa Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) | D. taishanensis Teng, 1982 (2) |
D. furcipelta Yu et al., 1983 (4) | D. jaotuana Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) |
Genus Paradoloisia Chen et Hsu, 1965 | |
Paradoloisia gigantica Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) | |
Genus Cheladonta Lipovesky et al., 1955 | |
Cheladonta micheneri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (9) | |
Genus Ascoschoengastia Ewing, 1945 | |
Ascoschoengastia crassiclava Wen et Yao, 1984 (1) | A. sifanga Wen et al., 1984 (6) |
A. latyshevi Schluger, 1955 (3) | A. rattinorvegici Wen, 1984 (128) |
A. paishaensis Chen et al., 1958 (1) | A. indica * Hirst, 1915 (1944) |
A. yunwui Yu et al., 1984 (138) | A. petaruistae Yu et al., 1984 (27) |
A. yunnanensis Yu et al., 1980 (158) | A. leechi Domrow, 1962 (467) |
A. audyi Womersley, 1952 (8) | A. montana Yu et al., 1980 (1) |
A. lorius Guther, 1939 (1) | A. menghaiensis Yu et al., 1986 (27) |
Genus Walchiella Fuller, 1952 | |
Walchiella xizangensis Wu et Wen, 1984 (4) | W. notiala Yu et al., 1981 (70) |
W. yingjiangensis Wen et al., 1984 (5) | |
Genus Mackiena Traub et Evans, 1950 | |
Mackiena todai Kamo, 1953 (1) | |
Genus Herpetacarus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 | |
Herpetacarus longdongensis Mo et al., 1990 (1) | H. bisetus Yu et Duan, 1980 (3) |
H.aristoclavus Yu et al., 1979 (28) | H. limon Wen et Xiang, 1984 (14) |
H. tengchongensis Yu et al., 1980 (17) | H. spinosetosus Wang et al., 1980 (43) |
H. tenuiclavus Yu et al., 1979 (505) | H. tupaiae Yu et al., 1983 (29) |
H. sunci Wen et Xiang, 1984 (12) | H. fukienensis Chen et al., 1958 (8) |
H. callosciuri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (16) | H. hastoclavus Yu et al., 1979 (4061) |
Genus Schoengastia Oudemans, 1810 | |
Schoengastia cantonensis Liang et al., 1957 (1) | |
Genus Huabangsha Wen et al., 1980 | |
Huabangsha megachela Wen et al., 1980 (75) | |
Genus Euschoengastia Ewing, 1938 | |
Euschoengastia alpine Sasa et Jameson, 1954 (4) | E. weifangensis Teng et Zhang, 1989 (1) |
Subfamily Gahrliepiinae Womersley, 1952 | |
Genus Walchia Ewing, 1931 | |
Walchia pacifica Chen et Hsu, 1955 (125) | W. parapacifica Chen et al., 1955 (66) |
W. micropelta Traub et Evans, 1957 (2558) | W. chinensis * Chen et Hsu, 1955 (451) |
W. koi Chen et Hsu, 1957 (1470) | W. minuscuta Chen, 1978 (76) |
W. turmalis Gater, 1932 (214) | W. nanfangis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (9) |
W. enode Gater, 1932 (156) | W. zangnanica Wu et Wen, 1984 (102) |
W. Chuanica Wen et Song, 1984 (77) | W. acutascuta Chen, 1980 (3) |
W. globosensilla Chen, 1980 (1) | W. sheensis Wen, 1984 (5) |
W. erana Traub et Evans, 1957 (1) | W. neosinensis Hsu et Wen, 1956 (1) |
W. kritochaeta Traub et Evans, 1957 (7) | W. acugastia Wen et al., 1984 (4) |
W. xishaensis Zhao et al., 1986 (34) | W. latiscuta Wang et al., 1987 (3) |
W. tianguangshanensis Zhao et al., 1980 (1) | W. cordiopelta Wen et Xiang, 1984 (2) |
W. rustica Gater, 1932 (7) | W. ewingi Fuller, 1949 (4473) |
W. shui Wen et Song, 1984 (85) | |
Genus Schoengastiella Hirst, 1915 | |
Schoengastiella ligula Radford, 1946 (451) | S. punctata Radford, 1946 (6) |
S. himalayana Wu et Wen, 1984 (2) | |
Genus Gahrliepia Oudemans, 1912 | |
Gahrliepia puningensis Mo et al., 1959 (1) | G. flavipecti Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
G. meridionalis Yu et al., 1980 (15) | G. zhongwoi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (53) |
G. longipedalis Yu et Yang, 1986 (1378) | G. silvatica Yu et Yang, 1982 (68) |
G. banyei Wen et Xiang, 1984 (25) | G. radiopunctata Hsu et al., 1965 (424) |
G. octosetosa Chen et al., 1956 (11) | G. latiscutata Chen et Fan, 1981 (124) |
G. lengshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (6) | G. yangchenensis Chen et Hsu, 1957 (59) |
G. deqinensis Yu et Yang, 1982 (288) | G. tenuiclava Yu et al., 1983 (3) |
G. xiaowoi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (15) | G. tenella Traub et Morrow, 1955 (11) |
G. kiangsiensis Hsu et al., 1965 (1) | G. chekiangensis Chu, 1964 (198) |
G. zayuensis Wu et Wen, 1984 (8) | G. yunnanensis Hsu et al., 1965 (743) |
G. agrariusia Hsu et al., 1965 (14) | G. lamella Chen et al., 1980 (32) |
G. miyi Wen et Song, 1984 (3) | G. orientalis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (6) |
G. chungkingensis Jeu et al., 1963 (6) | G. megascuta Hsu et al., 1965 (78) |
G. madun Wen et Xiang, 1984 (15) | G. myriosetosa Wang, 1964 (2) |
G. romeri Wormsley, 1952 (6) | G. linguipelta Jeu et al., 1983 (1034) |
G. fimbriata Traub et Morrow, 1955 (17) | |
Genus Intermedialia Yu et al., 1979 | |
Intermedialia hegu Yu, Yang et Wu, 1979 (80) | I. guangxiensis Zhou et Wen, 1984 (1) |
I. bingbi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (4) | I. yunensis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
Family Leeuwenhoekiidae Trombiculidae | |
Subfamily Leeuwenhoekiinae Womersley, 1944 | |
Genus Odontacarus Ewing, 1929 | |
Odontacarus tetrasetosus Yu et Yang, 1986 (12) | |
Genus Chatia Brennan, 1946 | |
Chatia huanglungensis Chang et Wen, 1965 (5) | C. hertigi Traub et al., 1958 (7) |
C. acrichela Wen et al., 1984 (10) | C. wisesemani Traub et Nadchatram, 1966 (8) |
C. maoyi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (283) | C. alpine Shao et Wen, 1984 (32) |
Genus Shunsennia Jameson et Toshioka, 1953 | |
Shunsennia scabrisetosa Huang, 1986 (12) |
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Peng, PY., Guo, XG., Ren, TG. et al. Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. Parasitol Res 115, 3605–3618 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5127-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5127-x