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Can the enemy release hypothesis explain the success of invasive alien predators and parasitoids?

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Abstract

Biological invasions are ecologically and economically costly. Understanding the major mechanisms that contribute to an alien species becoming invasive is seen as essential for limiting the effects of invasive alien species. However, there are a number of fundamental questions that need addressing such as why some communities are more vulnerable to invasion than others and, indeed, why some alien species become widespread and abundant. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is widely evoked to explain the establishment and proliferation of an alien species. ERH predicts that an alien species introduced to a new region should experience a decrease in regulation by natural enemies which will lead to an increase in the distribution and abundance of the alien species. At the centre of this theory is the assumption that natural enemies are important regulators of populations. Additionally, the theory implies that such natural enemies have a stronger regulatory effect on native species than they do on alien species in the introduced range, and this disparity in enemy regulation results in increased population growth of the alien species. However, empirical evidence for the role of the ERH in invasion success is lacking, particularly for invertebrates. Many studies equate a reduction in the number of natural enemies associated with an alien species to release without studying population effects. Further insight is required in relation to the effects of specific natural enemies on alien and native species (particularly their ability to regulate populations). We review the role of ecological models in exploring ERH. We suggest that recent developments in molecular technologies offer considerable promise for investigating ERH in a community context.

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Acknowledgments

HER, BVP and KS are funded through the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC). HER is also funded by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). HER also receives funding from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) for work on the GB Non-Native Species Information Portal.

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  1. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, OX10 8BB, UK

    H. E. Roy & K. Schönrogge

  2. Evolutionary Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK

    L.-J. Lawson Handley

  3. Clifton College, 32 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3JH, UK

    R. L. Poland

  4. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK

    B. V. Purse

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Roy, H.E., Lawson Handley, LJ., Schönrogge, K. et al. Can the enemy release hypothesis explain the success of invasive alien predators and parasitoids?. BioControl 56, 451–468 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9349-7

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