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The invasion of Patagonia by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns

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Abstract

The Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which was introduced deliberately in Chile four decades ago for sport fishing and aquaculture, represents a rare example of a successful translocation of an anadromous Pacific salmon into the southern Hemisphere, offering a unique opportunity to examine the role of introduction history and genetic variability in invasion success. We used historical information and mitochondrial displacement loop sequences (D-loop) from seven colonized sites in Chile and Argentina and from native and naturalized Chinook salmon populations to determine population sources and to examine levels of genetic diversity associated with the invasion. The analysis revealed that the Chinook salmon invasion in Patagonia originated from multiple population sources from northwestern North America and New Zealand, and admixed in the invaded range generating genetically diverse populations. Genetic analyses further indicated that the colonization of new populations ahead of the invasion front appear to have occurred by noncontiguous dispersal. Dispersal patterns coincided with ocean circulation patterns dominated by the West Wind Drift and the Cape Horn Currents. We conclude that admixture following multiple introductions, as well as long-distance dispersal events may have facilitated the successful invasion and rapid dispersal of Chinook salmon into Patagonia.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by grants from the Agencia Nacional para la Promoción de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Argentina to M. Pascual; the Universidad de Concepción, Chile to B. Ernst-Elizalde; and the Universidad Austral, Chile to E. Aedo Marchant. Sincere thanks to personnel of Centro Trapananda, Universidad Austral, Chile for their help during specimen collection, to N. Boustead and M. Unwin, National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., New Zealand for providing specimens for analysis, and L. Real and P. Quiroga, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Argentina for assistance with laboratory analyses and figure maps, respectively. We are indebted to Mr. K. Martin, Dr. G. Thoorgaard, and Dr. Shedlock for providing sequence data and phylogenetic information. The authors are very grateful to the editor for spending his valuable time to review this article and to the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grupo de Estudios de Salmónidos Anádromos (GESA), Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    C. M. Riva Rossi, M. A. Pascual & J. E. Ciancio

  2. Centro Trapananda, Universidad Austral de Chile, Coyhaique, XI Región de Aysén, Chile

    E. Aedo Marchant

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    B. Mezga

  4. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), 9410, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

    D. A. Fernández

  5. Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, VIII Región del Biobío, Chile

    B. Ernst-Elizalde

  6. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPATCONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    N. Basso

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  1. C. M. Riva Rossi
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  2. M. A. Pascual
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  3. E. Aedo Marchant
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  4. N. Basso
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  5. J. E. Ciancio
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  7. D. A. Fernández
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  8. B. Ernst-Elizalde
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Correspondence to C. M. Riva Rossi.

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Riva Rossi, C.M., Pascual, M.A., Aedo Marchant, E. et al. The invasion of Patagonia by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns. Genetica 140, 439–453 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-012-9692-3

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