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Transcriptional coordination between leaf cell differentiation and chloroplast development established by TCP20 and the subgroup Ib bHLH transcription factors

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Abstract

The establishment of the photosynthetic apparatus during chloroplast development creates a high demand for iron as a redox metal. However, iron in too high quantities becomes toxic to the plant, thus plants have evolved a complex network of iron uptake and regulation mechanisms. Here, we examined whether four of the subgroup Ib basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, bHLH101), previously implicated in iron homeostasis in roots, also play a role in regulating iron metabolism in developing leaves. These transcription factor genes were strongly up-regulated during the transition from cell proliferation to expansion, and thus sink-source transition, in young developing leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. The four subgroup Ib bHLH genes also showed reduced expression levels in developing leaves of plants treated with norflurazon, indicating their expression was tightly linked to the onset of photosynthetic activity in young leaves. In addition, we provide evidence for a mechanism whereby the transcriptional regulators SAC51 and TCP20 antagonistically regulate the expression of these four subgroup Ib bHLH genes. A loss-of-function mutant analysis also revealed that single mutants of bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, and bHLH101 developed smaller rosettes than wild-type plants in soil. When grown in agar plates with reduced iron concentration, triple bhlh39 bhlh100 bhlh101 mutant plants were smaller than wild-type plants. However, measurements of the iron content in single and multiple subgroup Ib bHLH genes, as well as transcript profiling of iron response genes during early leaf development, do not support a role for bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, and bHLH101 in iron homeostasis during early leaf development.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jacqueline Busscher-Lange for performing the yeast one-hybrid assays. This work and M.A. was supported by grants from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program (IUAP P7/29 "MARS") initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office; the Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds Methusalem Project no. BOF08/01M00408 and the Multidisciplinary Research Partnership "Biotechnology for a Sustainable Economy" no. 01MRB510W of Ghent University. L.M.-S. is supported by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT). H.C. is a predoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium

    Megan E. Andriankaja, Lorin F. Mignolet-Spruyt, Hannes Claeys, Mattias Vermeersch, Liesbeth De Milde, Stefanie De Bodt, Veronique Storme, Aleksandra Skirycz, Per Mühlenbock, Frank Van Breusegem & Dirk Inzé

  2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium

    Megan E. Andriankaja, Lorin F. Mignolet-Spruyt, Hannes Claeys, Mattias Vermeersch, Liesbeth De Milde, Stefanie De Bodt, Veronique Storme, Aleksandra Skirycz, Per Mühlenbock, Frank Van Breusegem & Dirk Inzé

  3. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Selahattin Danisman & Gerco C. Angenent

  4. Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany

    Selahattin Danisman & Irina Kochanke

  5. Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Felix Maurer & Petra Bauer

  6. Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 52, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

    Per Mühlenbock

  7. Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Gerco C. Angenent & Richard G. H. Immink

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  1. Megan E. Andriankaja
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Correspondence to Dirk Inzé.

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Megan E. Andriankaja and Selahattin Danisman contributed equally to this work.

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Andriankaja, M.E., Danisman, S., Mignolet-Spruyt, L.F. et al. Transcriptional coordination between leaf cell differentiation and chloroplast development established by TCP20 and the subgroup Ib bHLH transcription factors. Plant Mol Biol 85, 233–245 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-014-0180-2

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