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The HIV-1 Env Protein: A Coat of Many Colors

  • The Science of HIV (AL Landay, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

HIV-1 is completely dependent upon the Env protein to enter cells. The virus typically replicates in activated CD4+ T cells due to viral entry requirements for the CCR5 coreceptor and for high surface levels of the CD4 receptor. This is the case for the transmitted virus and for most of the virus sampled in the blood. Over the course of infection, the env gene can evolve to encode a protein with altered receptor and coreceptor usage allowing the virus to enter alternative host cells. In about 50% of HIV-1 infections, the viral population undergoes coreceptor switching, usually late in disease, allowing the virus to use CXCR4 to enter a different subset of CD4+ T cells. Neurocognitive disorders occur in about 10% of infections, also usually late in disease, but caused (ultimately) by viral replication in the brain either in CD4+ T cells or macrophage and/or microglia. Expanded host range is significantly intertwined with pathogenesis. Identification and characterization of such HIV-1 variants may be useful for early detection which would allow intervention to reduce viral pathogenesis in these alternative cell types.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the NIH for funding that supports our ongoing research in this field. We also apologize to our colleagues whose work we did not cite due to editorial limitations.

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No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Kathryn Twigg Arrildt

  2. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Sarah Beth Joseph

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7295 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA

    Ronald Swanstrom

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Correspondence to Ronald Swanstrom.

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Arrildt, K.T., Joseph, S.B. & Swanstrom, R. The HIV-1 Env Protein: A Coat of Many Colors. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 9, 52–63 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0107-3

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