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Zebra Chip Disease of Potato: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management

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Abstract

Zebra chip (ZC), a new and economically important disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), has been documented to occur in commercial potato fields in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. This disease has caused millions of dollars in losses to the potato industry. Whole crops might be rejected because of ZC, often leading to abandonment of entire fields. Plant growth and yield are severely affected by the disease. Additionally, chips or fries processed from ZC-infected tubers exhibit dark stripes that become markedly more visible with frying, and hence are commercially unacceptable. The disease causes serious losses to the fresh market, tablestock and export potato industry as well. ZC-infected tubers usually do not sprout and if they do, produce hair sprouts or weak plants. Finally, there are indications that ZC symptoms might develop in tubers during storage. ZC has been associated with a previously undescribed species of liberibacter, tentatively named “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”, also known as “Ca. L. psyllaurous”. The bacterium is transmitted to potato by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). All commercial potato cultivars appear to be susceptible to ZC, and management tactics targeted against the potato psyllid are currently the only means to effectively manage the disease. Furthermore, there are concerns about quarantine and trade issues in psyllid-affected regions because some countries may require that shipments of potatoes from certain growing regions be tested for the disease before the shipments are allowed entry. ZC history, geographic distribution, biology, epidemiology, and management are discussed herein.

Resumen

Se ha documentado que Zebra chip (ZC), una enfermedad nueva y económicamente importante de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.), se presenta en los campos comerciales de papa en los Estados Unidos, México, América Central y Nueva Zelanda. Esta enfermedad ha causado millones de dólares en pérdidas a la industria de la papa. Se pudieran rechazar cultivos completos debido a ZC, que conducen a menudo al abandono total de los campos. Se afecta severamente el crecimiento y el rendimiento de la planta por la enfermedad. Además, las hojuelas o papas fritas procesadas de tubérculos infectados con ZC exhiben líneas oscuras que se vuelven marcadamente más visibles con el freído, y por lo tanto son inaceptables comercialmente. La enfermedad causa pérdidas serias al mercado fresco, al domestico y a la industria de la exportación también. Los tubérculos infectados con ZC generalmente no brotan, y si lo hacen, producen brotes ahilados y plantas débiles. Finalmente, hay indicaciones de que los síntomas de ZC pueden desarrollarse en los tubérculos durante el almacenamiento. Se ha asociado a la ZC con una especie previamente descrita de Liberibacter, tentativamente llamada “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum”, también conocida como “Ca. L. psyllaurous”. La bacteria se transmite a la papa por el psilido Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). Todas las variedades comerciales de papa parecen ser susceptibles a ZC, y las tácticas de manejo dirigidas contra el psilido de la papa son a la fecha los únicos medios para manejar la enfermedad efectivamente. Aún mas, hay preocupación acerca de cuarentena y temas de comercio en regiones afectadas por el psilido, debido a que algunos países pudieran requerir que los embarques de papas de ciertas regiones de cultivo fueran analizados para la enfermedad antes de permitir la entrada de los envíos. De aquí que se discute la historia de ZC, la distribución geográfica, biología, epidemiología y el manejo.

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to anonymous reviewers who made suggestions to improve an earlier version of this paper. Financial support for this work was partially provided by Frito Lay, Inc., USDA-ARS State Partnership Potato Research Program, Texas Department of Agriculture, USDA-RAMP (Project # 2009-51101-05892) and USDA-SCRI (Project #2009-51181-20176). The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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Correspondence to Joseph E. Munyaneza.

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Munyaneza, J.E. Zebra Chip Disease of Potato: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management. Am. J. Pot Res 89, 329–350 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-012-9262-3

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