Elsevier

Cognition

Volume 11, Issue 3, May 1982, Pages 245-299
Cognition

Functional constraints on sentence processing: A cross-linguistic study

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(82)90017-8Get rights and content

Abstract

English and Italian provide some interesting contrasts that are relevant to a controversial problem in psycholinguistics: the boundary between grammatical and extra-grammatical knowledge in sentence processing. Although both are SVO word order languages without case inflections to indicate basic grammatical relations, Italian permits far more variation in word order for pragmatic purposes. Hence Italians must rely more than English listeners on factors other than word order. In this experiment, Italian and English adults were asked to interpret 81 simple sentences varying word order, animacy contrasts between the two nouns, topicalization and contrastive stress. Italians relied primarily on semantic strategies while the English listeners relied on word order—including a tendency to interpret the second noun as subject in non-canonical word orders (corresponding to word order variations in informal English production). Italians also made greater use of topic and stress information. Finally, Italians were much slower and less consistent in the application of word order strategies even for reversible NVN sentences where there was no conflict between order and semantics. This suggests that Italian is ‘less’ of an SVO language than English. Semantic strategies apparently stand at the ‘core’ of Italian to the same extent that word order stands at the ‘core’ of English. It is suggested that these results pose problems for claims about a ‘universal’ separation between semantics and syntax, and for theories that postulate a ‘universal’ priority of one type of information over another. Results are discussed in the light of the competition model, a functionalist approach to grammar that accounts in a principled way for probabilistic outcomes and differential ‘weights’ among competing and converging sources of information in sentence processing.

Résumé

L'anglais et l'italien présentent des contrastes intéressants et pertinents pour un problème crucial en psycholinguistique, celui de la frontière entre connaissance grammaticale et extragrammaticale dans le traitement des phrases. Bien que tous deux soient des langues avec un ordre SVO sans inflections de cas pour indiquer les relations grammaticales de base, l'italien autorise beaucoup plus de variations dans l'ordre des mots pour des buts pragmatiques. Les italiens doivent, donc, s'appuyer plus que les anglais sur des facteurs autres que l'ordre des mots. Dans l'expérience présentée, on a demandè à des adultes anglais et italiens d'interpréter 81 phrases simples où variaient l'ordre des mots, les contrastes animés/non animés entre deux noms, le stress contrastif et la topicalisation. Les italiens s'appuient principalement sur des stratégies sémantiques alors que les auditeurs anglais s'appuient sur l'ordre des mots et cela inclue une tendance à interpréter le second nom comme sujet dans les ordres de mots non-canoniques (correspondant aux variations d'ordre de la production de l'anglais informei). Les italiens font un plus grand usage du thème et de l'information donnée par l'accent. Enfin, les italiens sont beaucoup plus lents et moins consistants dans l'application de stratégies d'ordre de mot même pour des phrases reversibles NVN où il n'existe pas de conflit entre l'ordre et la sémantique. Cela suggère que l'italien est ‘moins’ une langue SVO que l'anglais. Les stratégies sémantiques tiennent apparemment au ‘coeur’ de l'italien les mêmes rôles que les stratégies d'ordre des mots au ‘coeur’ de l'anglais. Ces résultats font problème pour parler d'une séparation ‘universelle’ entre sémantique et syntaxe et pour les théories qui postulent une priorité ‘universelle’ d'un type d'information sur l'autre. Les résultats sont examinés dans le cadre d'un modèle de compétition, approche fonctionnaliste de la grammaire qui rend compte de façon rigoureuse des données probabilistiques et des poids différentiels des différentes sources (converges et rivales) d'information dans le traitement des phrases.

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