The biosynthesis of astaxanthin. VI. the conversion of [14c]lutein and [14c] β-carotene in goldfish

doi:10.1016/0020-711X(72)90046-8

International Journal of Biochemistry

Volume 3, Issue 15, June 1972, Pages 333-338

https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-711X(72)90046-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

1.
1. Dietary [¹⁴C] lutein and [¹⁴C] β-carotene were converted by the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, to astaxanthin.Of the two, lutein was more effective in labelling the astaxanthin pool.
2.
2. [¹⁴C]Lutein also contributed radioactivity to the α- and β-doradexanthin fractions, indicating the participation of the doradexanthins in the formation of astaxanthin from lutein.
3.
3. More intermediates appeared to be involved in the conversion of β-carotene.The fraction of intermediate compounds was more highly labelled and more labelled unidentified compounds were detected in the [¹⁴C] β-carotene feeding experiments.

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The metabolism of β-carotene and other carotenoids in the brine shrimp, Artemia salina
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Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as the condensing unit for enzymatic synthesis of caro tenes
Phytochemistry
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Incorporation of labeled leucine into carotene by Phycomyces
J.biol.Chem.
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Chemical basis for a morphological color change in a marine teleost
Am.zool.
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Correlations of xanthophylls in catfish fillets, plankton, shad and snails in catfish production ponds in west Alabama
2013, Aquaculture
Citation Excerpt :
Besides being deposited directly from food sources, xanthophylls found in animals can also be metabolically modified from other xanthophylls. Many fish species can convert one xanthophyll to another, and this ability varies among individual organisms and species (Hata and Hata, 1972; Hsu et al., 1972; Kitahara, 1983; Matsuno et al., 1985; Nagata and Matsuno, 1979; Schiedt et al., 1985). Li et al. (2007) reported that channel catfish had limited ability to convert lutein to echinenone in muscle tissues.
Yellow coloration of catfish fillets has always been a problem. Recently increased consumer scrutiny has brought this to the forefront as a major industry concern. As catfish cannot synthesize xanthophyll, commercial feeds and natural prey items are the initial sources of the yellow color. To better understand the contribution of natural foods, a field study was conducted to identify if there were correlations of yellow fillet and natural productivity under commercial pond conditions. Upon notification from a west Alabama fish processor, yellow catfish fillets and natural organism samples (plankton, shad and snails) were collected from different farm ponds in west Alabama. “Clean” catfish fillets (no unacceptable yellow coloration) and natural organisms were also collected at multiple farms where problematic yellow fillets were not present. In addition to large food items, microorganism samples from the ponds were collected by pumping pond water through two filters (sizes 20 μm and 75 μm) for a period of 10 min. The fillet and field samples were analyzed quantitatively for xanthophyll levels through High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results revealed a correlation between xanthophyll level in catfish fillets and in microorganisms (> 75 μm). Results indicate that natural productivity consumed by gizzard shad and other filter feeders appears to contribute to the xanthophyll levels in catfish fillets.
The metabolism of astaxanthin during the embryonic development of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz (Crustacea, Astacidea)
2000, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The developing eggs of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus are found to contain important carotenoid amounts. Free astaxanthin, mainly associated with protein and lutein represent the main pigments occurring in the yolk at the end of the embryonic period. Esterification processes affecting astaxanthin appear concomitantly with the resorption of vitellin reserves, the activation of the digestive gland and the rapid decrease of lutein amounts. Esterified astaxanthin contents increase significantly within the interval between the juvenile stages I and II. Nevertheless, free astaxanthin levels appear insufficient to balance the amounts of the esterified form, scored at the end of the endotrophic period.
Carotenoids and their metabolism in the goldfish Carassius auratus (Hibuna)
1999, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
A total of 18 known carotenoids and three new carotenoids, (3S, 4R, 3′S, 6′R)-4-hydroxylutein, (3S, 3′S, 4′R)-4-keto-4′-hydroxydiatoxanthin, and (3S, 3′S, 4′R)-4-keto-4′-hydroxyalloxanthin were isolated from the goldfish Carassius auratus. On the basis of structural consideration of the isolated carotenoids and the result of our previously reported feeding experiment of lutein A and (3R, 3′R)-zeaxanthin to goldfish, the present authors proposed the possible metabolic pathways from lutein A, lutein B, (3R, 3′R)-zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin and alloxanthin to fritschiellaxanthin, α-doradexanthin, (3S, 3′S)-astaxanthin, (3S, 3′S)-7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, and (3S, 3′S)-7,8,7′,8′-tetradehydroastaxanthin, respectively.
Comparative accumulations of labelled carotenoids (14C-astaxanthin, 3H-canthaxanthin and 3H-zeaxanthin) and their metabolic conversions in mature female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
1992, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and
- 1.
 1. One force-fed meal containing labelled ¹⁴C-astaxanthin (¹⁴C-Ax) and ³H-canthaxanthin (³H-Cx) or ³H-zeaxanthin (³H-Zx) was given to eight mature female rainbow trout. Ninety-six hours after the test meal ingestion, trout were killed and liver, skin, muscle and ovarries were dissected out.
- 2.
 2. Ax accumulated slightly more in muscle than Cx but in all tissues Ax and Cx were very significantly more concentrated than Zx.
- 3.
 3. ³H-Zx metabolites were found only in the liver, whereas ¹⁴C-phoenicoxanthin was the only metabolic pigment from ¹⁴C-Ax detected and was found in all investigated tissues.
- 4.
 4. ³H-Ax was found in the liver of all trout indicating that ³H-Cx and ³H-Zx were Ax precursors, and that salmonids probably possess carotenoid oxidative pathways unknown until now.
- 5.
 5. Labelled retinol₁ and retinol₂ were detected only in the liver and ³H-Zx was largely the predominant precursor of these two vitamin A forms.
Ontogeny of carotenoid metabolism in the prawn Penaeus japonicus bate (1888) (crustacea penaeidea). A qualitative approach
1991, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and
- 1.
  1. The development of the prawn Penaeus japonicus includes 12 larval stages (six nauplii, three zoeae, three mysis) and 22 postlarval stages.
- 2.
  2. During this period, the prawn progressively develops juvenile, then adult morphology, physiology and behaviour.
- 3.
  3. In this study, thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry and qualitative analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography are used to investigate larval and postlarval carotenoid composition, and to follow the development of the pigmentary metabolism.
- 4.
  4. We observed a qualitative evolution of the carotenoid feature, in relation to metabolic abilities and diet.
- 5.
  5. The appearance of oxydative pathways as well as esterification reactions were found to occur during postlarval stages. The acquisition of a pigmentary metabolism takes place after the metamorphosis.
Relations entre acides gras et pigments caroténoïdes chez un crustacé copépode, Calanipeda aquae-dulcis
1988, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
The carotenoid pigments of the copepod, Calanipeda aquae-dulcis, were investigated by thin layer chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. The following pigments were identified: β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, echinenone, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and phoenicoxanthin. The nature of the fatty acids derived from natural esters has been determined quantitatively by gas chromatography of their methyl esters. Complexes between fatty acids and carotenoid pigments are discussed; not only esterified pigments are present. The linkage between fatty acids and carotenoid pigments depends on the extent of oxygenation of the pigments. The presence of monounsaturated fatty acids increases if carotenoid pigments are low in oxygenation. Conversely, the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids increases with the oyxgenation of the carotenoid pigments. The role of the links between carotenoid pigments and fatty acids in the trophic webs is discussed.

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^∗: Present address: U.S.D.A.Fruit and Vegetable Chemistry Laboratory, 262 South Chestei Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106, U.S.A.

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International Journal of Biochemistry

Abstract

References (9)

The metabolism of β-carotene and other carotenoids in the brine shrimp, Artemia salina

Camp.Biochem.Physiol.

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as the condensing unit for enzymatic synthesis of caro tenes

Phytochemistry

Incorporation of labeled leucine into carotene by Phycomyces

J.biol.Chem.

Chemical basis for a morphological color change in a marine teleost

Am.zool.

Cited by (32)

Correlations of xanthophylls in catfish fillets, plankton, shad and snails in catfish production ponds in west Alabama

The metabolism of astaxanthin during the embryonic development of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz (Crustacea, Astacidea)

Carotenoids and their metabolism in the goldfish Carassius auratus (Hibuna)

Comparative accumulations of labelled carotenoids (<sup>14</sup>C-astaxanthin, <sup>3</sup>H-canthaxanthin and <sup>3</sup>H-zeaxanthin) and their metabolic conversions in mature female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Ontogeny of carotenoid metabolism in the prawn Penaeus japonicus bate (1888) (crustacea penaeidea). A qualitative approach

Relations entre acides gras et pigments caroténoïdes chez un crustacé copépode, Calanipeda aquae-dulcis