Review articleThe dopamine D2 receptor gene: a genetic risk factor in substance abuse
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Does pediatric traumatic brain injury cause adult alcohol misuse: Combining preclinical and epidemiological approaches
2019, Experimental NeurologyCitation Excerpt :In contrast, various aspects of dopamine physiology, including dopamine synthesis, transporter activity and receptor expression, are generally downregulated in abstinent alcoholics (Heinz et al., 2005; Martinez et al., 2005) and experimental animals withdrawing from alcohol (Diana et al., 1993). Genetic polymorphisms in D2 receptor expression that lead to reduced expression increase the incidence of AUD (Comings et al., 1994). Although there is some conflicting evidence among experimental studies in animals, the majority conclude that dopaminergic physiology is involved in alcohol-related behaviors.
Examining the link between reward and response inhibition in individuals with substance abuse tendencies
2019, Drug and Alcohol DependenceCitation Excerpt :Dopaminergic sensitization is therefore associated with a hyper-reactive reward response to drug cues which in turn enhances incentive salience on those cues. Furthermore, allelic variation in dopaminergic genes such as DRD2, DAT, and DRD4 have been associated with substance abuse problems (e.g., Blum et al., 1996; Comings et al., 1994; Kreek et al., 2005; Uhl et al., 1993). This evidence indicates that risk for developing substance abuse problems may have a common genetic basis that influences striatal dopaminergic function.
Reverse Translational Implications of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Addiction Genetics
2016, Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug AddictionsA review of pharmacogenetic studies of substance-related disorders
2015, Drug and Alcohol DependenceHypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior
2014, Medical HypothesesCitation Excerpt :Although other neuromodulators and neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, [61] serotonin [62] and enkephalin, [63] have a role in determining the rewarding and stimulating effects of drugs of addiction, dopamine may be essential for initiating and reinstating drug use after protracted abstinence [63,64–67]. Following the initial findings of a positive association of the Taq1 A1 of the DRD2 gene and severe alcoholism [24] there have been a plethora of studies both positive [26,28,30,33,57,65,67–91] and negative [92–105] [see reviews [25,58,78,95,105–126]]. A number of studies have found that the Taq1 A1 allele is associated with low dopamine D2 density in alcoholics [72,79,125,127].