Review
The novel mechanism of initiation of picornavirus RNA translation

https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(90)90302-RGet rights and content

Abstract

The initiation of translation of picornaviral RNAs takes place by an unusual mechanism whereby ribosomes bind directly to an internal site rather than scan the RNA from the 5′-end. This internal entry mechanism requires a 450-nucleotide segment of the picornavirus 5′-untranslated region. The ribosome binds initially to a site at the 3′-end of this segment, and then may scan the RNA to reach the authentic initiation site. This novel mechanism may be of relevance to the translation of some cellular mRNAs.

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      Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) have been proposed to express 2 distinct coding sequences under the control of only 1 promoter, which is of great interest to molecular and cellular biologists. Unlike that observed in most eukaryotic mRNA, in which ribosomes scan from the 5′ end until the initiation codon is reached, in mRNA of picornaviruses (Jackson et al., 1990), such as encephalomyocarditis virus, ribosomes are able to begin translation at IRES. These IRES elements can be removed from their viral setting and linked to unrelated genes to produce polycistronic RNA (Gurtu et al., 1996).

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