Short CommunicationHigh expression of the mammalian X chromosome in brain
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. We thank M.K. Cheng for helpful comments.
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2022, Progress in NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :The X chromosome corresponds to 5 % of the genome in women and men and X-linked genes have a higher expression in the brain compared to other tissues in several mammalian species, which is independent of the sex. More genes are expressed in the brain from the X chromosome than from any autosome (Nguyen and Disteche, 2006; Davis et al., 2021). In humans, the brain-related genes that the X chromosome is enriched in, such as the genes for doublecortin and protocadherins, are genes that are essential to normal brain development and function (Gleeson et al., 1998; Priddle and Crow, 2013), including the development of cognitive abilities (Zechner et al., 2001).
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2021, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Considering intellectual disability, the incidence of mutations in human X-linked genes, which lead to XLID, is about 3.5 fold higher than that in autosomal genes (Neri et al., 2018). In addition, RNA measurements show that a greater number of genes are expressed in the brain and that X-linked genes are more highly expressed in the brain versus other tissues (Deng et al., 2011; Nguyen and Disteche, 2006a). This is apparent in both mouse and human, although possibly more pronounced in the latter (Nguyen and Disteche, 2006a;Nguyen and Disteche, 2006b).
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2018, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :These include balancing expression between the sex chromosomes and the rest of the genome, and equalizing gene expression between the sexes. It is notable that the mammalian X contains a relatively small proportion of genes that are expressed in somatic tissues compared with those implicated in functional networks of the brain (Nguyen and Disteche, 2006). A few genes escape inactivation on the inactivated X, outside of the PARs, although their expression may be reduced (Berletch et al., 2011).