Abstract
Globally, 800 million people are malnourished. Heavily subsidised farmers in rich countries produce sufficient surplus food to feed the hungry, but not at a price the poor can afford. Even donating the rich world's surplus to the poor would not solve the problem. Most poor people earn their living from agriculture, so a deluge of free food would destroy their livelihoods. Thus, the only answer to world hunger is to safeguard and improve the productivity of farmers in poor countries. Diets of subsistence level farmers in Africa and Latin America often contain sufficient carbohydrates (through cassava, corn/maize, rice, wheat, etc.), but are poor in proteins. Dietary proteins can take the form of scarce animal products (eggs, milk, meat, etc.), but are usually derived from legumes (plants of the bean and pea family). Legumes are vital in agriculture as they form associations with bacteria that `fix-nitrogen' from the air. Effectively this amounts to internal fertilisation and is the main reason that legumes are richer in proteins than all other plants. Thousands of legume species exist but more common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are eaten than any other. In some countries such as Mexico and Brazil, beans are the primary source of protein in human diets. As half the grain legumes consumed worldwide are common beans, they represent the species of choice for the study of grain legume nutrition. Unfortunately, the yields of common beans are low even by the standards of legumes, and the quality of their seed proteins is sub-optimal. Most probably this results from millennia of selection for stable rather than high yield, and as such, is a problem that can be redressed by modern genetic techniques. We have formed an international consortium called `Phaseomics' to establish the necessary framework of knowledge and materials that will result in disease-resistant, stress-tolerant, high-quality protein and high-yielding beans. Phaseomics will be instrumental in improving living conditions in deprived regions of Africa and the Americas. It will contribute to social equity and sustainable development and enhance inter- and intra-cultural understanding, knowledge and relationships. A major goal of Phaseomics is to generate new common bean varieties that are not only suitable for but also desired by the local farmer and consumer communities. Therefore, the socio-economic dimension of improved bean production and the analysis of factors influencing the acceptance of novel varieties will be an integral part of the proposed research (see Figure 1). Here, we give an overview of the economic and nutritional importance of common beans as a food crop. Priorities and targets of current breeding programmes are outlined, along with ongoing efforts in genomics. Recommendations for an international coordinated effort to join knowledge, facilities and expertise in a variety of scientific undertakings that will contribute to the overall goal of better beans are given. To be rapid and effective, plant breeding programmes (i.e., those that involve crossing two different `parents') rely heavily on molecular `markers'. These genetic landmarks are used to position
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar O M, López M V and Riccillo P M 2001 The diversity of rhizobia nodulating beans in Northwest of Argentina as a source of more efficient inoculant strains. J. Biotechnol. 91, 181–188.
Aguilar O M, López M V, Riccillo P M, González R A, Marcela Pagano, Grasso D H, Puhler A and Favelukes G 1998 Predominancy of the 16S rDNA gene allele of R. etli in the indigenous population of rhizobia found associated with wild beans from the Southern Andes in Argentina. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 3520–3524.
Aharoni A, Keizer L C P, Bouwmeester H J, Sun Z K, Alvarez-Huerta M, Verhoeven H A, Blaas J, van Houwelingen A M M L, De Vos R C H, van der Voet H, Jansen R C, Guis M, Mol J, Davis R W, Schena M, van Tunen A J and O'Connell A P 2000 Identification of the SAAT gene involved in strawberry flavor biogenesis by using DNA micro-arrays. Plant Cell 12, 6470–661.
Al-Niemi T S, Kahn M L and McDermott T R 1997 P metabolism in the Rhizobium tropici-bean symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 113, 1233–1242.
Al-Niemi T S, Kahn M L and McDermott T R 1998 Bean nodule phosphorus uptake. Plant Soil 198, 71–78.
Alstrom S 1995 Evidence of disease resistance induced by rhizosphere pseudomonad against Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolica. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 41, 315–325.
Altamirano-Hernández J 2000 Acumulación de trehalosa en leguminosas de una selva tropical estacional. M.Sc. Thesis. UMSNH, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Antoun H and Kloepper J W 2001 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). Encyclopedia of Genetics. Academic Press.
Antoun H, Beauchamp C J, Goussard N, Chabot R and Lalande R 1998 Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: effect on radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant Soil 204, 57–67.
Antoun H, Bordeleau L M and Lachance R A 1979 Rendement de la luzerne (cultivar Saranac) inoculée avec une souche très efficace de Rhizobium meliloti en présence d'autres espèces de Rhizobium. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59, 521–523.
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000 Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408, 796–815.
Aragão F, Barros L, Brasileiro A, Ribeiro S, Smith F, Sanford J, Faria J and Rech E 1996 Inheritance of foreign genes in transgenic bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) co-transformed via particle bombardment. Theor. Appl. Genet 93, 142–150.
Aragão F, Ribeiro S, Barros L, Brasileiro A, Maxwell D, Rech E and Faria J 1998 Transgenic beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) engineered to express viral antisense RNAs show delayed and attenuated symptoms to bean golden mosaic geminivirus. Mol. Breed. 4, 491–499.
Aragão F J L, Ribeiro S G, Barros L M G, Brasileiro A C M, Maxwell D P, Rech E L and Faria J C 1998 Transgenic beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) engineered to express viral antisense RNAs show delayed and attenuated symptoms to bean golden mosaic geminivirus. Mol. Breed. 4, 491–499.
Aragão F J L, Vianna G R, Albino M M C and Rech E L 2002 Transgenic dry bean tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. Crop Sci. 42, 1298–1302.
Ariyarathne H M, Coyne D P, Jung G, Skroch P W, Vidaver J R, Steadman A K, Miklas P N, Bassett M J 1999 Molecular mapping of disease resistance genes for halo blight, common bacterial blight, bean common mosaic virus in a segregating population of common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124, 654–662.
Atkins C A 1991 Ammonia assimilation and export of nitrogen from the legume nodule. In Biology and Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation. Eds. M J Dilworth, A R Glenn. pp. 293–319. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Atkins C A, Sanford P J, Storer P J, Pate J S 1988 Inhibition of nodule functioning in cowpea by a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, allopurinol. Plant Physiol. 88, 1229–1234.
Atkins C A and Smith P M C 2000 Ureide synthesis in legume nodules. In Prokaryotic Nitrogen Fixation. A Model System for the Analysis of a Biological Process. Ed. E J Triplett. pp. 559–587. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, Norfolk, UK.
Atkins C A, Smith P M C and Storer P J 1997 Re-examination of the intracellular localization of de novo purine synthesis in cowpea nodules. Plant Physiol. 113, 127–135.
Bachem C W, Horvath B, Trindade L, Claassens M, Davelaar E, Jordi W and Visser R G 2001 A potato tuber-expressed mRNA with homology to steroid dehydrogenases affects gibberellin levels and plant development. Plant J. 25, 595–604.
Bachem C W, Oomen R J F and Visser R G 1998 Transcript imaging with cDNA-AFLP: a step-by step protocol. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 16, 157–173.
Bachem C W, Oomen R J F, Kuyt S, Horvath B M, Claassens M M, Vreugdenhil D and Visser R G 2000 Antisense suppression of potato alpha-SNAP homologue leads alterations in cellular development and assimilate distribution. Plant Mol. Biol. 43, 473–482.
Bachem C W, van der Hoeven R, de Bruijn S, Vreugdenhil D, Zabeau M and Visser R 1996 Visualisation of differential gene expression using a novel method of RNA fingerprinting based on AFLP analysis of gene expression during potato tuber development. Plant J. 9, 745–753.
Balardin R S and J D Kelly 1998 Interaction between in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races and gene pool diversity in Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123, 1038–1047.
Baldet P, Alban C and Douce R 1997 Biotin synthesis in higher plants: purification of bioB gene product equivalent from Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressed in Escherichia coli and its subcellular location in pea leaf cells. FEBS Lett. 419, 206–210.
Baldet P, Alban C, Axiotis S and Douce R 1993a Localization of free and bound biotin in cells from green pea leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 303, 67–73.
Baldet P, Gerbling H, Axiotis S, Douce R 1993b Biotin biosynthesis in higher plant cells: identification of intermediates. Eur. J. Biochem. 217, 479–485.
Baldwin I T, Halitschke R, Kessler A and Schittko U 2001 Merging molecular and ecological approaches in plant–insect interactions. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 351–358.
Bassett M J, Brady L McClean P E 1999b A new allele, t cf, at the T locus for partly colored seedcoats in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124, 654–662.
Bassett M J and McClean P E 2000 A brief review of the genetics of partly colored seed coats in common bean. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 43, 99–100.
Bassett M J, Shearon C and McClean P E 1999a Allelism between the hilum ring locus D and the partly colored seedcoat locus Z in common bean J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124, 649–653.
Bassett M J, Hartel K and McClean P E 2000 Inheritance of the Anasazi pattern of partly colored seedcoats in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125, 340–343.
Batista S, Catalán A I, Hernández-Lucas I, Martínez-Romero E, Aguilar O M and Martínez-Drets G 2001 Identification of a system that allows a Rhizobium tropici dctA mutant to grow on succinate, but not on other C4-dicarboxylates. Can. J. Microbiol. 47, 1–10.
Baudoin J P 2001 Contribution des ressources phytogénétiques à la selection variétale de légumineuses alimentaires tropicales. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 5(4), 221–230.
Baudoin J P, Camarena F and Lobo M 1995 Amélioration de quatre espèces de légumineuses alimentaires tropicales Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. polyanthus et P. lunatus. Sélection intra-et interspécifique. In Quel Avenir Pour l'amélioration des Plantes? Quatrièmes Journées Scientifiques du Réseau Biotechnologie Végétale de l'UREF, Namur, 18–21 Octobre 1993. Ed. par J Dubois, Y Demarly, AUPELF-UREF. pp. 31–49. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris.
Baudoin J P, Camarena F, Lobo M, Mergeai G 2001 Breeding Phaseolus for intercrop combinations in Andean highlands. In Broadening the Genetic Basis of the Crop. Ed. H D Cooper, C Spillane, T Hodgkin. pp. 373–384. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Baudoin J P, Fofana B, du Jardin P and Vekemans X 1998 Diversity and genetic organization of the genus Phaseolus. Analysis of the global and chloroplastic genome. In International Symposium on Breeding of Protein and Oil Crops. pp. 75–76. EUCARPIA, Fundación Pedro Barrié De La Maza.
Beaver J S and Kelly J D 1994 Comparison of selection methods for dry bean populations derived from crosses between gene pools. Crop Sci. 34, 34–37.
Beebe S, Skroch P W, Tohme J, Duque M C, Pedraza F and Nienhuis J 2000 Structure of genetic diversity among common bean landraces of Middle American origin based on correspondence analysis of RAPD. Crop. Sci. 40, 264–273.
Beebe S, Cardona C, Diaz O, Rodriguez F, Mancia E, Ajquejay S 1993 Development of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines resistant to the bean pod weevil, Apion godmani Wagner, in Central America. Euphytica 69, 1–2, 83–88.
Bennett M D and Leitch I J 1995 Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Annals. Botany 76, 113–176.
Bennett M D and Leitch I J 2001 Plant DNA C-values Database (release 1.0, Sept. 2001). http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cvalues/homepage.html.
Bennett M D, Bhandol P and Leitch I J 2000 Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms and their modern uses – 807 new estimates. Ann. Bot. 86, 859–90.
Bennetzen J and Freeling M 1997 The unified grass genome: synergy in synteny. Genome Res. 7, 301–306.
Billington T, Pharmawati M and Gehring C A 1997 Isolation and immunoaffinity purification of biologically active plant natriuretic peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 235, 722–725.
Blaume B, Nürnberger T, Nass N and Scheel D 2000 Receptormediated increase in cytoplasmic free calcium required for activation of pathogen defense in Parsley. Plant Cell 12, 1425–1440.
Bliss F A and Brown J W S 1983 Breeding common bean for improved quantity and quality of seed protein. Plant Breed. Rev. 1, 59–102.
Botero L M, Al-Niemi T S and McDermott T R 2000 Characterization of two inducible phosphate transport systems in Rhizobium tropici. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 15–22.
Boukli N M, Hochstrasser D F and Broughton W J 2002 Identification of a Nod-factor induced ATPase from Vigna unguiculata roots by proteomics of phosphorylated proteins. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., in preparation.
Boutin S, Young N, Olson T, Yu Z, Shoemaker R and Vallejos C 1995 Genome conservation among three legume genera detected with DNA markers. Genetics 38, 928–937.
Brady L, Bassett M J and McClean P E 1998 Molecular mapping in common bean: RAPD markers for T and Z, two genes controlling partly colored seed coat patterns in common bean. Crop Sci. 38, 1073–1075.
Bressani R 1983 Research needs to upgrade the nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Qual. Pl. Plant Foods Human Nutr. 32, 101–110.
Breyne P and Zabeau M 2001 Genome-wide expression analysis of plant cell cycle modulated genes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 136–142.
Broughton W J, Heycke N, Meyer Z A H and Pankhurst C E 1984 Plasmid-linked nif and 'nod' genes in fast growing rhizobia that nodulate Glycine max, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus and Vigna unguiculata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3093–3097.
Broughton W J, Jabbouri S and Perret X 2000 Keys to symbiotic harmony. J. Bacteriol. 182, 5641–5652.
Broughton W J, Wong C-H, Lewin A, Samrey U, Myint H, Meyer z A H, Dowling D N and Simon R 1986 Identification of Rhizobium plasmid sequences involved in recognition of Psophocarpus, Vigna and other legumes. J. Cell Biol. 102, 1173–1182.
Bueno J M, Cardona C and Quintero C M 1999 Comparison between two improvement methods to develop multiple insect resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 25, 73–78.
Burdman S, Jurkevitch E and Okon Y 2000 Recent advances in the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in agriculture. In Microbial Interactions in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol II. Eds. N S Subba Rao and Y R Dommergues. pp. 229–250. Science Publishers, Inc. USA.
Buttery B R, Park S J and van Berkum P 1997 Effects of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar and Rhizobium strain on plant growth, seed yield and nitrogen content. Can. J. Plant Sci. 77, 347–351.
Camas A, Cárdenas L, Quinto C and Lara M 2002 Expression of different calmodulin genes in bean tissues and during the symbiotic process. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 15, 428–436.
Campalans A and Pages M 2001 Identification of differentially expressed genes by the cDNA-AF technique during dehydration of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Tree Physiol. 21, 633–643.
Campion B, Ranalli S, Bollini R and Allavena A 1998 Bean. Italian contribution to plant genetics and breeding. Eds. G T Scarascia Mugnozza and M A Pagnotta, XV Congress of the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding EUCARPIA 21–25 September 1998 and XLII Congress of the SIGA 25–26 September 1998. pp. 371–377. Viterbo, Italy.
Cárdenas L, Feijó J A, Kunkel J G, Sànchez F, Holdaway-Clarke T, Hepler P and Quinto C 1999 Rhizobium Nod factors induce increases in intracellular free calcium and extracelluar calcium influxes in bean root hairs. Plant J. 19, 347–352.
Cárdenas L, Vidali L, Domínguez J, Pérez H, Sánchez F, Hepler P K and Quinto C 1998 Rearrangements of actin microfilaments in plant root hairs responding to Rhizobium etli nodulation signals. Plant Physiol. 116, 871–877.
Cárdenas L, Domínguez J, Quinto C, López-Lara I M, Lugtenberg B J J, Spaink H P, Rademaker G J, Haverkamp J and Thomas-Oates J 1995 Isolation, chemical structures and biological activity of the thr lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals from Rhizobium etli. Plant Mol. Biol. 29, 453–464.
Cárdenas L, Holdaway-Clarke T L, Sánchez F, Quinto C, Feijó J A, Kunkiel J G and Hepler P K 2000 Ion changes in legume root hairs responding to Nod factors. Plant Physiol. 123, 443–451.
Carozzi N B and Koziel M G (Eds) 1997 Advances in Insect Control: The Role of Transgenic Plants. Taylor and Francis Inc., New York, UK.
Cha T S and Shah F H 2001 Characterization of three isoforms for glutelins in oil palm kernel. Plant Sci. 160, 913–923.
Chichkova S, Arellano J, Vance C P and Hernández G 2001 Transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress alfalfa NADHglutamate synthase have higher carbon and nitrogen content. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 2079–2087.
Colmenero-Flores J M, Campos F, Garciarrubio A and Covarrubias A A 1997 Characterization of Phaseolus vulgaris cDNA clones responsive to water deficit: identification of a novel late embryogenesis abundant protein. Plant Mol Biol 35: 393–405.
Colmenero-Flores J M, Moreno L P, Smith C E and Covarrubias A A 1999 Pvlea-18, a member of a new LEA protein family: expression, protein accumulation, and immunolocalization during stress and development. Plant Physiol. 120: 93–103.
Coulibaly S 1999 PCR-derived analysis of genetic giversity and relationships within the Phaseolus vulgaris L. complex and in Vigna unguiculata L. PhD, University of California, Davis.
Cronan J E 1989 The E. coli bio operon: transcriptional repression by an essential protein modification enzyme. Cell 58, 427–429.
Daly M J, Rioux J D, Schaffner S E, Hudson T J and Lander E S 2001 High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome. Nature Genet. 29, 229–232.
Daniels R, De Vos D E, Desair J, Raedschelders G, Luyten E, Rosemeyer V, Verreth C, Schoeters E, Vanderleyden J and Michiels J 2002 The cin quorum-sensing locus of Rhizobium etli CNPAF512 affects growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 426–430.
Dantán-González E, Rosenstein Y, Quinto C and Sánchez F 2001 Actin monoubiquitylation is induced in plants in response to pathogens and symbionts. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14, 1267–1273.
Dar G H, Zargar M Y and Beigh G M 1997 Biocontrol of Fusarium root rot in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by using symbiotic Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Microb. Ecol. 34, 74–80.
Dávila G, Brom S, Collado-Vides J, Hernández G, Mora J, Palacios R and Romero D 2000 Genomics of Rhizobium etli. In Prokaryotic Nitrogen Fixation: A Model System for Analysis of a Biological Process. Ed. E W Triplett. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK. 671–678.
De Barro P J 1995 Bemisia tabaci biotype B: a review of its biology, distribution and control. Technical paper no. 36. CSIRO Australia, Canberra.
De Clercq J, Zambre M, Van Montagu M, Dillen W and Angenon G 2002 An optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedure for Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray. Plant Cell Reports. 21: 333–340.
De Lorenzo G, D'Ovidio R and Cervonne F 2001 The role of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) in defence against pathogenic fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 39, 313–335.
De Ron A M, Santalla M, Barcala N, Rodiño A P, Casquero P A and Menéndez M C 1997 Beans (Phaseolus spp.) collection at the Misión Biológica de Galicia – CSIC in Spain. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 112, 100.
De Ron A M, Rodiño A P, Menéndez-Sevillano M C, Santalla M, Barcala N and Montero I 1999 Variation in wild and primitive Andean bean varieties under European conditions. Ann. Rep. Bean Improvement Cooperative 42, 95–96.
Debouck D 1991 Systematics and morphology. In Common Beans: Research for Crop Improvement. Eds. A van Schoonhoven and O Voysest. pp. 55–118. CAB International, Wallingford.
Debouck D G 1999 Diversity in Phaseolus species in relation to the common bean. In Common Bean Improvement in the 21st Century. Ed. S R Singh. pp. 25–52. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht.
Debouck D G 2000 Biodiversity, ecology and genetic resources of Phaseolus beans – Seven answered and unanswered questions. In The Seventh MAFF International Workshop on Genetic Resources. Part. 1. Wild Legumes. pp. 95–123. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan-National Institute of Agrobiological Resources.
Delgado Salinas A, Bruneau A and Doyle J J 1993 Chloroplast phylogenetic studies in New World Phaseolinae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae). Syst. Bot. 18, 6–17.
Delgado-Salinas A, Turley T, Richman A and Lavin M 1999 Phylogenetic analysis of the cultivated and wild species of Phaseolus (Fabaceae). Syst. Bot. 24, 438–460.
Dellagi A, Birch P R, Heilbronn J, Lyon G D and Toth I K 2000 cDNA-AFLP analysis of differential gene expression in the prokaryotic plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Microbiology 146, 165–171.
Dillen W, De Clercq J, Goosens A, Van Montagu M and Angenon G 1997a. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94, 151–158.
Dillen W, De Clercq J, Kapila J, Zambre M, Van Montagu M and Angenon G 1997b The effect of temperature on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer to plants. Plant J. 12(6), 1459–1463.
Ditt R F, Nester E W and Comai L 2001 Plant gene expression response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10954–10959.
Dong Y, Glasner J D, Blattner F R and Triplett E W 2001 Genomic interspecies microarray hybridization: rapid discovery of three thousand genes in the maize endophyte, Klebsiella pneumoniae 342, by microarray hybridization with Eschericha coli K-12 open reading frames. Appl. Environ. Micro. 67, 1911–1921.
Drevon J J and Hartwig U Phosphorus deficiency increases the argon-induced decline of nodule nitrogenase activity in soybean and alfalfa. Planta 201, 463–469.
Dumon C, Priem B, Martin S-L, Heyraud A, Bosso C and Samain E 2002 In vivo fucosylation of recombinant lacto-Nneotetraose and lacto-N-hexaose by heterogous expression of-1,3 fucosyltransferase of Helicobacter pylori in engineered Escherichia coli Glycoconj. J. (In press).
Durrant W E, Rowland O, Piedras P, Hammond-Kosack K E and Jones J D 2000 cDNA-AFLP reveals a striking overlap in race-specific resistance and wound response gene expression profiles. Plant Cell 12, 963–977.
Eggermont K, Goderis I J and Broekaert WF 1996 High-throughput RNA extraction from plant samples based on homogenisation by reciprocal shaking in the presence of a mixture of sand and glass beads. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 14, 273–279.
El-Tohamy W, Schnitzler W H, El-Bahairy U and El-Beltagy M S 1999 The effect of VA mycorrhizal on improving drought and chilling tolerance on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Appl. Bot. 73, 178–183. 102, 353–359.
Escribano M R, De Ron A M and Amurrio J M 1994 Diversity in agronomical traits in common bean populations from Northwestern Spain. Euphytica 76, 1–6.
Escribano M R, Santalla M and De Ron A M 1997 Genetic diversity in pod and seed quality traits of common bean populations form northwestern Spain. Euphytica 93, 71–81.
Escribano M R, Santalla M, Casquero P A and De Ron A M 1998 Patterns of genetic diversity in landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Galicia. Plant Breeding 117, 49–56.
Farías-Rodríguez R, Mellor R B, Arias C and Peña Cabriales J J 1998 The accumulation of trehalose in nodules of several cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its correlation with resistance to drought stress. Physiol. Plant. 102, 353–359.
Fellay R, Perret X, Viprey V, Broughton W J and Brenner S 1995 Organisation of host-inducible transcripts on the plasmid of Rhizobium sp. NGR234. Mol. Microbiol. 16, 657–667.
Fernandez-Toledo F, Beaver J S and Schröder E C 1997 Nodulation and seed yield of common bean in moderate and high temperature environments. Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC) 40, 55–56.
Ferrier-Cana E, Geffroy V, Macadré M, Creusot F, Prune Imbert-Bolloré P, Sévignac M and Langin T 2003 Characterization of expressed NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates from common bean. Theor. App. Genet. 106: 251–261
Fofana B, Baudoin J P, Vekemans X, Debouck D G and du Jardin P 1999 Molecular evidence for an Andean origin and a secondary gene pool for the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) using chloroplast DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98, 202–212.
Fofana B, du Jardin P and Baudoin J P 2001 Genetic diversity in the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) as revealed by chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variations. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 48, 437–445.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2001 FAOSTAT Agriculture Data. http://www.fao.org. Statistics (FAOSTAT).
Freiberg C, Fellay R, Bairoch A, Broughton W J, Rosenthal A and Perret X 1997 Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes. Nature 387, 394–401.
Freyre R, Skroch P W, Geffroy V, Adam-Blondon A-F, Shirmohamadali A, Johnson W C, Llaca V, Nodari R O, Pereira P A, Tsai S-M, Tohme J, Dron M, Nienhuis J, Vallejos C E and Gepts P 1998 Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean. 4. Development of a core map and alignment of RFLP maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97, 847–856.
Fuentes S I, Allen D J, Ortíz-López A and Hernández G 2001 Over-expression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase increases photosynthetis and growth at low nitrogen concentrations. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 1071–1081.
Garay-Arroyo A, Colmenero-Flores J M, Garciarrubio A and Covarrubias A A 2000 Highly hydrophilic proteins are common during water deficit situations in different organisms. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 5668–5674.
Garber K, Bilic I, Pusch O, Tohme J, Bachmair A, Schweizer D and Jantsch V 1999 The Tpv2 family of retrotransposons of Phaseolus vulgaris: structure, integration characteristics, and use for genotype classification. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 797–807.
García-Gómez B I, Hernández M, Campos F and Covarrubias A A 2000 Plant extracellular matrix proteins induced by water deficit are related to proline-rich-proteins and interact with plasma membrane. The Plant Journal 22, 277–288.
Geerts P 2001 Study of embryo development in Phaseolus in order to obtain interspecific hybrids. Ph.D. Thesis. Gembloux Agricultural University, Belgium. 183 pp.
Geerts P, Mergai G and Baudoin J P 1999 Rescue of early heartshaped embryos and plant regeneration of Phaseolus polyanthus Greenm. and P. vulgaris L. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 3(3), 141–148.
Geerts P, Toussaint A, Mergeai G and Baudoin J P 2002 Study of the early abortion in reciprocal crosses between Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus polyanthus Greenn. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 6, 109–119.
Geffroy V, Creusot F, Falquet J, Sévignac M, Adam-Blondon A-F, Bannerot H, Gepts P and Dron M 1998 A family of LRR sequences in the vicinity of the Co-2 locus for anthracnose resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris and its potential use in marker-assisted selection. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96, 494–502.
Geffroy V, Sévignac M, De Oliveira J, Fouilloux G, Skroch P, Thoquet P, Gepts P, Langin T and Dron M 2000 Inheritance of partial resistance against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Phaseolus vulgaris and co-localization of QTL with genes involved in specific resistance. Molec. Plant Microbe. Interact. 13, 287–296.
Geffroy V, Sicard D, de Oliveira J, Sévignac M, Cohen S, Gepts P, Neema C and Dron M 1999 Identification of an ancestral resistance gene cluster involved in the coevolution process between Phaseolus vulgaris and its fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Molec. Plant Microbe. Inter. 12, 774–784.
Gehring C A 1999 Natriuretic peptides – A new class of plant hormone? Ann. Bot. 83, 329–334.
Gehring C A, Irving H R, Kabbara A A, Parish R W, Boukli N M and Broughton W J 1997 Rapid, plateau-like increases in intra-cellular free calcium are associated with Nod-factor induced root–hair deformation. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10, 791–802.
Gepts P 1998 Origin and evolution of common bean: past events and recent trends. HortScience 33, 1124–1130.
Gepts P 1999a A phylogenetic and genomic analysis of crop germplasm: a necessary condition for its rational conservation and utilization. In Proc. Stadler Symposium. Ed. J Gustafson. pp. 163–181. Plenum.
Gepts P 1999b Development of an integrated genetic linkage map in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its use. In Bean Breeding for the 21st Century. Ed. S Singh. pp. 53–91, 389–400. Kluwer.
Gepts P and Bliss F A 1984 Enhanced available methionine concentration associated with higher phaseolin levels in common bean seeds. Theor. Appl. Genet. 69, 47–53.
Gepts P and Bliss F A 1985 F 1 hybrid weakness in the common bean: differential geographic origin suggests two gene pools in cultivated bean germplasm. J. Hered. 76, 447–450.
Gepts P 1998b What can molecular markers tell us about the process of domestication in common bean? In The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication. Eds. A Damania et al. pp. 198–209. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
Gil J and De Ron A M 1992 Variation in Phaseolus vulgaris in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Plant Breeding 109, 313–319.
González V, Bustos P, Ramírez-Romero M A, Medrano-Soto A, Salgado H, Hernández-González I, Hernández-Celis C, Quintero V, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Girard L, Rodríguez O, Flores M, Cevallos M A, Collado-Vides J, Romero D and Dávila G 2002 The mosaic structure of the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium etli CFN42 and its relation with other symbiotic genome compartments (Submitted to Genome Biology).
Goossens A, Dillen W, De Clercq J, Van Montagu M and Angenon G 1999a The arcelin-5 gene of Phaseolus vulgaris directs high seed-specific expression in transgenic Phaseolus acutifolius and Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol. 120(4), 1095–1103.
Goossens A, Dillen W, De Clercq J, Van Montagu M and Angenon G 1999a The arcelin-5 gene of Phaseolus vulgaris directs high seed-specific expression in transgenic Phaseolus acutifolius and Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol. 120, 1095–1103.
Goossens A, Van Montagu M and Angenon G 1999b Cointroduction of an antisense gene for an endogenous seed storage protein can increase expression of a transgene in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. FEBS Lett 456, 160–164.
Gornicki J P, Faris, King I, Podkowinski J, Gill B, and Haselkorn R 1997 Plastid-localized acetylCoA carboxylase of bread wheat is encoded by a single gene on each of the three ancestral chromosome sets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14179–14284.
Gornicki P and Haselkorn R 1993a Wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Plant Mol. Biol. 22, 547–552.
Gornicki P, Podkowinski J, Scappino L A, DiMaio J, Ward E and Haselkorn R 1994 Wheat acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase: cDNA and protein structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6860–6864.
Gornicki P, Scappino L and Haselkorn R 1993b Genes for two subunits of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120: biotin carboxylase and biotin carboxyl carrier protein. J. Bacteriol. 175, 5268–5272.
Gressent F, Drouillard S, Mantegazza N, Samain E, Geremia R A, Canut H, Niebel A, Driguez H, Ranjeva R, Cullimore J and Bono J J 1999 Ligand specificity of a high-affinity binding site for lipochitooligosaccharidic Nod factors in Medicago cell suspension cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4704–4709 26.
Guillén G, Valdés-López V, Nogues R, Olivares J, Rodríguez-Zapata L C, Pérez H, Vidali L, Villanueva M A and Sánchez F 1999 Profilin in Phaseolus vulgaris is encoded by two genes (only one expressed in root nodules) but multiple isoforms are generated in vivo by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. Plant J. 19, 497–508.
Hardarson G, Bliss F A, Cigalesrivero M R, Henson R A, Kipenolt J A, Longeri L, Manrique A, Penacabriales J J, Pereira P A A, Sanabria C A, Tsai S M 1993 Genotypic variation in biological nitrogen-fixation by common bean. Plant and Soil 152(1): 59–70.
Hertford R and García J A 1999 Competitividad de la agricultura en las Américas. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. 88 pp.
Hicke L 2001 Protein regulation by monoubiquitin. Nature Rev. Molec. Cell Biol. 2: 195–201.
Hippler M, Klein J, Allinger T and Hoerth P 2001 Towards functional proteomics of membrane protein complexes: analysis of thylakoid membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J. 28, 595–606.
Hitz W D, Carlson J C, Kerr P S and Sebastian S A 2002 Biochemical and molecular characterization of a mutation that confers a decreased raffinosaccharide and phytic acid phenotype on soybean seeds. Plant Physiol. 128, 650–660.
Hucl P and Scoles G J 1985 Interspecific hybridization in the common bean: a review. HortScience 20, 352–357.
Hutvagner G, Mlynarova L and Nap J P 2000 Detailed characterization of the post-transcriptional gene-silencing-related small RNA in a GUS gene-silenced tobacco RNA 6, 1445–1454.
Ingram J and Bartels D 1996 The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 377–403.
Irving H I, Boukli N M, Kelly M N and Broughton W J 2000 Nod-factors in symbiotic development of root–hairs. In Root Hairs Cell and Molecular Biology. Eds. R W Ridge and A M Emons. pp. 241–265. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo.
Ishimoto M 1999 Evaluation and use of wild Phaseolus species in breeding. In The Seventh Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan. Eds. K Oono, D Vaughan, N Tomooka, A Kaga and S Miyazaki. pp. 183–190. International Workshop on Genetic Resources, Ibaraki, Japan.
Jansen R C and Nap J P 2001 Genetical genomics, the added value from segregation. Trends Genet. 17, 388–391.
Jeffreys A J, Kauppi L and Neumann R 2001 Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex. Nature Genet. 29, 217–222.
Joachimiak M, Tevzadze G, Podkowinski J, Haselkorn R and Gornicki P 1997 Wheat cytosolic acetylCoA carboxylase complements an ACC1 null mutation in yeast. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9990–9995.
Johnson W and Gepts P 1999 Segregation for performance in recombinant inbred populations resulting from inter-gene pool crosses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Euphytica 106, 45–56.
Jung G, Coyne D, Skroch P, Nienhuis J, Arnaud-Santana E, Bokosi J, Ariyarathne H, Steadman J, Beaver J, Kaeppler S 1996 Molecular markers associated with plant architecture and resistance to common blight, web blight, and rust in common beans. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121, 794–803.
Kami J, Becerra Velásquez B, Debouck D G and Gepts P 1995 Identification of presumed ancestral DNA sequences of phaseolin in Phaseolus vulgaris. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1101–1104.
Kelly J, Kolkman J, Schneider K 1998 Breeding for yield in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 102, 343–356.
Kelly J D 2000 Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Adv. Agron. 71, 109–143.
Kelly J D and Miklas P N 1998 The role of RAPD markers in breeding for disease resistance in common bean. Mol. Breed. 4, 1–11.
Kelly J D, Kolkman J M and Schneider K 1998 Breeding for yield in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 102, 343–356.
Kelly M N and Irving H R 2001 Nod factors stimulate plasma membrane delimited phospholipase C activity in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 113, 461–468.
Kelly M N and Irving H R 2003 Nod factors activate both heterotrimeric and monomeric G-proteins in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Planta, 216, 674–685.
Kigel J 1999 Culinary and nutritional quality of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds as affected by environmental factors. Biotech. Agron. Soc. Environ. 3, 205–209.
Kim J W and Minamikawa T 1996 Transformation and regeneration of French bean plants by the particle bombardment process. Plant Sci. 117, 131–138.
Knowles J R 1989 The mechanism of biotin-dependent enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58: 195–221.
Koinange E M K and Gepts P 1992 Hybrid weakness in wild Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Hered. 83, 135–139.
Koinange E M K, Singh S P and Gepts P 1996 Genetic control of the domestication syndrome in common-bean. Crop Sci. 36, 1037–1045.
Kolkman J M, Kelly J D 2002 QTL conferring resistance and avoidance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), submitted for publication.
Kornegay J and Cardona C 1991 Breeding for insect resistance in beans. In Common Beans: Research for Crop Improvement. Eds. A van Schoonhoven and O Voysest. pp. 619–648. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Krause A and Broughton W J 1992 Proteins associated with root–hair deformation and nodule initiation in Vigna unguiculata. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5, 96–103.
Krause A, Sigrist C J A, Dehning I, Sommer H and Broughton W J 1994 Accumulation of LTP transcripts during deformation of nodulation competent root–hairs. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7, 411–418.
Kreitman M and Akashi H 1995 Molecular evidence for natural selection. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 403–422.
Kulikova O, Gualtieri G, Geurts R, Kim D-J, Cook D, Huguet T, de Jong J H, Fransz P F and Bisseling T 2001 Integration of the FISH pachytene and genetic maps of Medicago truncatula. Plant J. 27, 49–58.
Lara M, Porta H, Padilla J, Folch J and Sánchez F 1984 Heterogeneity of glutamine synthetase polypeptides in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Physiol. 76, 1019–1023.
Larson S R, Rutger J N, Young K A and Raboy V 2000 Isolation and genetic mapping of a non-lethal rice (Oryza sativa L.) low phytic acid mutation. Crop Sci. 40, 1397–1405.
Lavin M, Doyle J J and Palmer J D 1990 Evolutionary significance of the loss of the chloroplast-DNA inverted repeat in the Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae. Evolution 44, 390–402.
Lecomte B, Longly B, Crabbe J and Baudoin J P 1998 Etude comparative du développement de l'ovule chez deux espèces de Phaseolus: P. polyanthus et P. vulgaris. Développement de l'ovule dans le genre Phaseolus. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 2(1), 77–84.
Lewin A, Rosenberg C, Meyer z A H, Wong C-H, Nelson L, Manen J-F, Stanley J, Dowling D N, Dénarié J and Broughton W J 1987 Multiple host-specificity loci of the broad host range Rhizobium sp. NGR 234 selected using the widely compatible legume Vigna unguiculata. Plant Mol. Biol. 8, 447–459.
Lewis T 1997 Chemical control. In Thrips as Crop Pests. Ed. T Lewis. pp. 567–593. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Limongelli G, Laghetti G, Perrino P and Piergiovanni A R 1996 Variation of seed storage proteins in landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Basilicata, Southern Italy. Euphytica 92, 393–399.
Lioi L and Hammer K 1993 A note on the variation of phaseolin among common bean landraces collected in eastern Asia. Genet. Resour. Crop Evolut. 40, 55–57.
Lioi L, Lotti C and Galasso I 1998 Isozyme diversity, RFLP of the rDNA and phylogenetic affinities among cultivated Lima beans, Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae). Plant System. Evolut. 213, 153–164.
Lolas G M and Markakis P 1975 Phytic acid and other phosphorous compounds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 23, 13–15.
Lott J N A, Ockenden I, Raboy V and Batten G D 2000 Phytic acid and phosphorous in crop seeds and fruits: a global estimate. Seed Sci. Res. 19, 11–33.
Ludidi N N, Heazlewood J L, Seoighe C J, Irving H R and Gehring C A Expansin-like molecules: Novel functions derived from common domains. J. Mol. Evol. 54, 587–594.
Ma Y and Bliss F A 1978 Seed proteins of common bean. Crop Sci. 17, 431–437.
Mabberley D J 1998 The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 706 pp.
Macas J, Dolezel J, Gualberti G, Pich U, Schubert I and Lucretti S 1995 Primer-induced labelling of pea and field bean chromosomes in situ and in suspension. BioTechniques 19, 402–408.
Macas J, Dolezel J, Lucretti S, Pich U, Meister A, Fuchs J and Schubert I 1993a Localization of seed protein genes on flowsorted field bean chromosomes. Chromosome Res. 1, 107–115.
Macas J, Gualberti G, Nouzova M, Samec P, Lucretti S and Dolezel J 1996 Construction of chromosome-specific DNA libraries covering whole genome of field bean (Vicia faba L.). Chromosome Res. 4, 531–539.
Macas J, Meszaros T and Nouzova M 2002 PlantSat: a specialized database for plant satellite repeats. Bioinformatics 18, 28–35.
Macas J, Pozarkova D, Navratilova A, Nouzova M and Neumann P 2000 Two new families of tandem repeats isolated from genus Vicia using genomic self-priming PCR. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263, 741–751.
Macas J, Weschke W, Baumlain H, Pich U, Houben A, Wobus U and Schubert I 1993b Localization of vicilin genes via polymerase chain reaction on microisolated field bean chromosomes. Plant J. 3, 883–886.
Maynard Smith J and Haigh J 1974 The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene. Genet. Res. 23, 23–35.
Maleck K, Levine A, Eulgem T, Morgan A, Schmid J, Lawton K A, Dangl J L and Dietrich R A 2000 The transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana during systemic acquired resistance. Nat. Genet. 26, 403–410.
Maquet A, Vekemans X and Baudoin J P 1999 Phylogenetic study on wild allies of Lima bean and implication on its origin. Plant Syst. Evol. 218, 43–54.
Martínez T, Santalla M and De Ron A M 2002 Preliminary evaluation of scarlet bean landraces from Spain. Ann. Rep. Bean Imp. Coop 45, 60–61.
Maryani M M, Bradley G, Cahill D M and Gehring C A 2001 Natriuretic peptides and immunoreactants enhance osmoticumdependent volume changes in Solanum tuberosum L. mesophyll protoplasts. Plant Sci. 161, 443–452.
McClean P, Chee P, Held B, Simental J, Drong R F and Slightom J 1991 Susceptibility of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Agrobacterium infection: transformation of cotyledonary and hypocotyl tissues. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 24, 131–138.
Mejía-Jiménez A, Munoz C, Jacobsen H J, Roca W M and Singh S P 1994 Interspecific hybridization between common and tepary beans: increased hybrid embryo growth, fertility, and efficiency of hybridisation through recurrent and congruity backcrossing. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88, 324–331.
Melotto M and Kelly J D 2001 Fine mapping of the Co-4 locus of common bean reveals a resistance gene candidate COK-4 that encodes for a protein kinase. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103, 508–517.
Messina M J 1999 Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (suppl), 439S–450S.
Metais I, Aubry C, Hamon B, Peltier D and Jalouzot R 1998 Cloning, quantification and characterization of a minisatellite DNA sequence from common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97, 232–237.
Michiels J, Dombrecht B, Vermeiren N, Xi C, Luyten E and Vanderleyden J 1998 Phaseolus vulgaris is a non-selective host for nodulation. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 26, 193–205.
Midorikawa K, Murata M, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y and Kawanishi S 2001 Protective effect of phytic acid on oxidative DNA damage with reference to cancer chemoprevention. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288, 552–557.
Miklas P N, Johnson E, Stone V, Beaver J S, Montoya C, Zapata M 1996 Selective mapping of QTL conditioning disease resistance in common bean. Crop Sci. 36, 1344–1351.
Miklas P N, Delorme R, Stone V, Daly M J, Stavely J R, Steadman J R, Bassett M J, Beaver J S 2000a Bacterial, fungal, virus disease loci mapped in a recombinant inbred common bean population ('Dorado/XAN176'). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125, 476–481.
Miklas P N, Larsen R C, Riley R, Kelly J D 2000b Potential marker-assisted selection for bc-1 2 resistance to bean common mosaic potyvirus in common bean. Euphytica 116, 211–219.
Mitchell-Olds T, Gershenzon J, Baldwin I and Boland W 1998 Chemical ecology in the molecular era. Trends Plant Sci. 3(9), 362–365.
Mlynárová L, Keizer L C P, Stiekema W J and Nap J P 1996 Approaching the lower limits of transgene variability. Plant Cell 8, 1589–1599.
Monteagudo A B, Rodiño A P, Montero I, Santalla M and De Ron A M 2000 Breeding white seeded bean cultivars for improving quality. Ann. Rep. Bean Improvement Cooperative 43, 47–48.
Morales F J and Singh S P 1991 Genetics of resistance to bean golden mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Euphytica 52, 113–117.
Moreno-Fonseca L P and Covarrubias A A 2001 Downstream DNA sequences are required to modulate Pvlea-18 gene expression in response to dehydration. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 501–515.
Moscone E A, Klein F, Lambrou M, Fuchs J and Schweizer D 1999. Quantitative karyotyping and dual-color FISH mapping of 5S and 18S–25S rDNA probes in the cultivated Phaseolus species (Leguminosae). Genome 42, 1224–1233.
Murray J D, Michaels T E, Pauls K P and Schaafsma A W 2001 Determination of traits associated with leafhopper (Empoasca fabae and Empoasca kraemeri) resistance and dissection of leafhopper damage symptoms in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Annals Appl. Biol. 139, 319–327.
Nap J P, Conner A J, Mlynarova L, Stiekema W J and Jansen R C 1997 Dissection of a synthesized quantitative trait to characterize transgene interactions. Genetics 147, 315–320.
Nei M 1987 Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Neto E D, Harrop R, Correa-Oliveira R, Wilson R A, Pena S D J and Simpson A J G 1997 mini-libraries constructed from cDNA by arbitrarily primed RT-PCR: an alterative to normalized libraries for the generation of ESTs from nanogram quantities of mRNA. Gene 186, 135–142.
Neumann P, Nouzova M and Macas J 2001 Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of repetitive DNA in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Genome 44, 716–728.
Newman J D, Schultz B W and Noel K D 1992 Dissection of nodule development by supplementation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli purine auxotrophs with AICA riboside. Plant Physiol. 99, 401–408.
Nodari R O, Tsai S M, Guzmán P, Gilbertson R L and Gepts P 1993 Towards an integrated linkage map of common bean. 3. Mapping genetic factors controlling host–bacteria interactions. Genetics 134, 341–350.
Noel K D, Forsberg L S and Carlson R W 2000 Varying the abundance of O-antigen in Rhizobium etli and its effect on the symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Bacteriol. 182, 5317–5324.
Nouwens A S, Cordwell S J, Larsen M R, Molloy M A, Gillings M, Willcox M and Walsh B J 2000 Complementing genomics with proteomics: The membrane subproteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. Electrophoresis 21, 3797–3809.
Nouzova M, Kubalakova M, Dolezelova M, Koblizkova A, Neumann P, Dolezel J and Macas J 1999 Cloning and characterization of new repetitive sequences in field bean (Vicia faba L.). Ann. Bot. 83, 535–541.
Nouzova M, Neumann P, Navratilova A, Galbraith D W and Macas J 2001 Microarray-based survey of repetitive genomic sequences in Vicia spp. Plant Mol. Biol. 45, 229–244.
Nümberger T and Scheel D 2001 Signal transmission in the plant immune response. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 372–379.
Ortega J L, Sanchez F, Soberon M and Lara M 1992 Regulation of nodule glutamine synthetase by CO2 levels in beans (Phaseoulus vulgaris L.) Plant Physiol. 98, 584–587.
Pachico D 1982 Beans in Latin America. In Trends in CIAT Commodities. Internal Document, Economics 1.7. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, pp. 1–55.
Padilla J, Campos F, Lara M and Sanchez F 1987 Nodule specific glutamine synthetase is expressed before the onset of nitrogen fixation in Phaseoulus vulgaris L. Plant Mol. Biol. 9, 65–74.
Papa R and Gepts P 2000 Map-based analysis of population differentiation and gene flow in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant and Animal Genome VIII. January 9–12, San Diego.
Papa R and Gepts P 2003 Asymmetry of gene flow and differential geographical structure of molecular diversity in wild and domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Mesoamerica. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 239–250.
Park S, Coyne D P, Jung G, Skroch P W, Arnaud-Santana E, Steadman J, Ariyarathne H, Nienhuis J 2000 Mapping of QTL for seed size and shape traits in common bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125, 466–475.
Park S O, Coyne D P, Steadman J R, Skroch P W 2001 Mapping of QTL for resistance to white mold disease in common bean. Crop Sci. 41, 1253–1262.
Patton D A, Schetter A L, Franzmann L H, Nelson K, Ward E R and Neinke D W 1998 An embryo-defective mutant of Arabidopsis disrupted in the final step of biotin synthesis. Plant Physiol. 116, 935–946.
Patton D A, Johnson M and Ward E R 1996a Biotin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana. cDNA isolation and characterization of gene expression. Plant Physiol. 112, 371–378.
Patton D A, Volrath S and Ward E R 1996b Complementation of an Arabidopsis thaliana biotin auxotroph with an Escherichia coli biotin biosynthetic gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251, 261–266.
Pedrosa A, Sandal N, Stougaard J, Schweizer D and Bachmair A 2002a. Chromosomal map of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Genetics 161, 1661–1672.
Pedrosa A, Vallejos C E, Bachmair A and Schweizer D 2001 Integrating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) linkage and chromosomal maps. Ann. Rep. Bean. Impr. Coop. 44, 11–12.
Pedrosa A, Vallejos C E, Bachmair A and Schweizer D 2002b Integration of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) linkage and chromosomal maps. Theor. Appl. Genet. (In press).
Peix A, Mateos P F, Rodriguez-Barrueco C, Martinez-Molina E and Velaquez E 2001 Growth promotion of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by a strain of Burkholderia cepacia under growth chamber conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 1927–1935.
Pennington J A T and Young B 1990a Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in foods from the United States total diet study. J. Food Comp. Anal. 3, 145–165.
Pennington J A T and Young B 1990b Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium and iodine in foods from the United States total diet study. J. Food Comp. Anal. 3, 166–184.
Perdomo F, Echávez-Badel R, Alameda M and Schröder E C 1995 In vitro evaluation of bacteria for the biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 183–185.
Perret X, Freiberg C, Rosenthal A, Broughton W J and Fellay R 1999 High-resolution transcriptional analysis of the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium sp. NGR234. Mol. Microbiol. 32, 415–425.
Petersen D J, Srinivasan M and Chanway C P 1996 Bacillus polymyxa stimulates increased Rhizobium etli populations and nodulation when co-resident in the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris. FEMS Lett. 142, 271–276.
Pharmawati M, Gehring C A and Irving H R 1998 An immunoaffinity purified plant natriuretic peptide analogue modulates cGMP levels in the Zea mays root stele. Plant Sci. 137, 107–115.
Pharmawati M, Maryani M M, Nikolakopoulos T, Gehring C A and Irving H R 2001 Cyclic GMP modulates stomatal opening induced by natriuretic peptides and immunoreactive analogues in Vicia faba. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39, 385–394.
Pharmawati M, Shabala S N, Newman I A and Gehring C A 1999 Natriuretic peptides and cGMP modulate K+, Na+ and H+ fluxes in Zea mays roots. Mol. Cell Biol. Res. Comm. 2, 53–57.
Pich U, Meister A, Macas J, Dolezel J, Lucretti S and Schubert I 1995 Primed in situ labelling facilitates flow sorting of similar sized chromosomes. Plant J. 7, 1039–1044.
Pickett J A and Poppy G M 2001 Switching on plant genes by external chemical signals. Trends Plant Sci. 6(4), 137–139.
Piergiovanni A R, Cerbino D and Della Gatta C 2000 Diversity in seed quality traits of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) populations from Basilicata (Southern Italy). Plant Breeding 119, 513–516.
Podkowinski J, Sroga G E, Haselkorn R and Gornicki P 1996 Structure of a gene encoding a cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase of hexaploid wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1870–1874.
Polhill R M 1981 Papilionoideae. In Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1. Eds R M Polhill and P H Raven. pp. 191–205. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey.
Polhill R M 1994 Classification of the Leguminosae. In Phytochemical Dictionary of the Leguminosae, Vol. 1. Plants and their Constituents. Eds. F A Bisby, J Buckingham and J B Harborne. pp. xvi–xxxvii. Chapman and Hall, London.
Pueppke S G and Broughton W J 1999 Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 share exceptionally broad, nested host-ranges. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12, 293–318.
Qin L, Overmars H, Helder J, Popeijus H, van der Voort J R, Groenink W and van Koert P 2000 An efficient cDNA-AFLPbased strategy for the identification of putative pathogenicity factors from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 13, 830–836.
Raboy V, Gerbasi P F, Young K A et al. 2000 Origin of seed phenotype of maize low phytic acid 1-1 and low phytic acid 2-1. Plant Physiol. 124, 355–368.
Raboy V, Noamann M M, Taylor G A and Pickett S G 1991 Grain phytic acid and protein are highly correlated in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 31, 631–635.
Ramamoorthy V, Viswanathan R, Raguchander T, Prakasam V and Samiyappan R 2001 Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in crop plants against pests and diseases. Crop Prot. 20, 1–11.
Ramamoorthy V, Viswanathan T, Raguchander T, Prakasam V and Samiyappan R 2001 Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in crop plants against pests and diseases. Crop Prot. 20, 1–11.
Reddy B S 1999 Role of dietary fiber in colon cancer: An overview. Amer. J. Med. 106(1A), 16S–19S.
Remington D L, Thornsberry J M, Matsuoka Y, Wilson L M, Whitt S R, Doeblay J, Kresovich S, Goodman M M and Buckler E S 2001 Structure of linkage disequilibrium and phenotypic associations in the maize genome. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11479–11484.
Ribet J and Drevon J J 1996 The phosphorus requirement of N2-fixing and urea-fed Acacia mangium. New Phytol. 132, 383–390.
Rivkin M I, Vallejos C E and McClean P E 1999 Disease-resistance related sequences in common bean. Genome 42, 1–7.
Robinson D 1987 Food – biochemistry and nutritional value. Longman Scientific and Technical Press. Essex, UK.
Robzyk K, Recht J and Osley M 2000 Rad6-dependent ubiquitination of histone H2B in yeast. Science 287, 501–504.
Rodiño A P, Monteagudo A B, Santalla M, De Ron A M 2001a Naming and release of 'Judía Peregrina', 'Alubia de Enfesta', 'Garbanzo Grande de Tuy', 'Garbanzo Capelán' and 'Mourisca', five new breeding pure lines from Spain. Ann. Rep. Bean Improvement Cooperative 44, 191–192.
Rodiño A P, Santalla M, Montero I, Casquero P A, De Ron A M 2001b Diversity in common bean germplasm (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Portugal. Genet. Res. Crop Evolut. 48, 409–417.
Rodiño A P, Santalla M, De Ron A M, Singh S P 2002 A core collection of common bean from the Iberian Peninsula. Euphytica (In press).
Rosas S, Altamirano F, Schröder E C and Correa N 2001 In vitro biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas aurantiaca. Phyton (Arg.) 50, 203–209.
Rosemeyer V, Michiels J, Verreth C, Desair J and Vanderleyden J 1998 LuxI-and luxR-homologous genes of Rhizobium etli CNPAF512 contribute to the synthesis of autoinducer molecules and nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Bacteriol. 180, 815–821.
Russell D R, Wallace K M, Bathe J H and Martinell B J 1993 Stable transformation of Phaseolus vulgaris via electric discharge mediated particle acceleration. Plant Cell Rep. 12, 165–169.
Samain E, Chazalet V and Geremia R A 1999 Production of O-acetylated and sulfated chitooligosaccharides by recombinant Escherichia coli strains harboring different combinations of nod genes. J. Biotechnol. 72, 33–47.
Samain E, Drouillard S, Heyraud A, Driguez H and Geremia R 1997 Gram scale synthesis of recombinant chitooligosaccharides in E. coli. Carbohydr. Res. 302, 35–42.
Sánchez F, Padilla J E, Pérez H and Lara M 1991 Control of nodulation genes in root-nodule development and metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 507–528.
Sandberg A S, Brune M, Carlsson N G, Hallberg L, Rossander-Hulthen L and Sandstrom B 1993 The effects of various inositol phosphates on iron and zinc absorption in humans. pp. 53–57. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bioavailability, 1993 – Nutrition chemical and food processing implications of nutrient availability.
Santalla M, De Ron A M, Escribano A M 1994 Effect of intercropping bush bean populations with maize on agronomic traits and their implication for selection. Field Crops Res. 36, 185–189.
Santalla M, De Ron A M, Casquero P A 1995 Nutritional and culinary quality of bush bean populations intercropped with maize. Euphytica 84, 57–65.
Santalla M, Casquero P A, De Ron A M 1999a Yield and yield components from intercropping improved bush bean cultivars with maize. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 183, 263–269.
Santalla M, Fueyo M A, Rodiño A P, Montero I, De Ron A M 1999b Breeding for culinary and nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in intercropping systems with maize (Zea mays L.). Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 3, 225–229.
Santalla M, Amurrio J M, De Ron A M 2001a Interrelationships between cropping systems for pod and seed quality components and breeding implications in common bean. Euphytica 121, 45–51.
Santalla M, Rodiño A P, Casquero P A, De Ron A M 2001b Interactions of bush bean intercropped with field and sweet maize. Eur. J. Agron. 15, 185–196.
Santalla M, Amurrio J M, Rodiño A P, De Ron A M 2001c Variation in traits affecting nodulation of common bean under intercropping with maize and sole cropping. Euphytica 122, 243–255.
Santalla M, Rodiño A P, De Ron A M 2002 Allozyme evidence supporting southwestern Europe as a secondary center of genetic diversity for common bean. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 104, 934–944.
Sathe S K, Deshpande S S and Salunkhe D K 1984 Dry beans of Phaseolus. A review. Part 2. Chemical composition: Carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, vitamins and lipids. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutrit. 21, 41–91.
Schaeffer S W, Walthour C S, Toleno D M, Olek A T and Miller E L 2001 Protein variation in ADH and ADH-RELATED in Drosophila pseudoobscura: Linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms and protein alleles. Genetics 159, 673–687.
Schaaafsma A W, Cardona C, Kornegay J L, Wylde A M and Michaels T E 1998 Resistance of common bean lines to the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) J. Econ. Entomol. 91, 981–986.
Schenk G, Guddat LW, Ge Y, Carrington L E, Hume D A, Hamilton S and De Jersey J 2000 Identification of mammalian-like purple acid phosphatases in a wide range of plants. Gene 250, 117–125.
Schmit V, Baudoin J P 1992 Screening for resistance to Ascochyta blight in populations of P. coccineus L. and P. polyanthus Greenman. Field Crops Res. 30, 155–165.
Schmit V, du Jardin P, Baudoin J P and Debouck D G 1993 Use of chloroplast DNA polymorphism for the phylogenetic study of seven Phaseolus taxa including P. vulgaris and P. coccineus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 87, 506–516.
Schmit V, Muñoz J E, du Jardin P, Baudoin J P and Debouck D G 1995 Phylogenetic studies of some Phaseolus taxa on the basis of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms. In Phaseolus Beans Advanced Biotechnology Research Network. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, 7–10 Sept. 1993, CIAT (Cali, Colombia). Ed. W M Roca, J E Mayer, M A Pastor-Corrales and J Tohme. pp. 69–75.
Schneider T, Dinkins R, Robinson K, Shellhammer J and Meinke D W 1989 An embryo-lethal mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is a biotin auxotroph. Dev Biol 131, 161–167.
Schneider K A, Grafton K F, Kelly J D 2001 QTL analyses of resistance to Fusarium root rot in bean. Crop Sci. 41, 535–542.
Schröder E C 1992 Improvement of the Phaseolus/Rhizobium symbiosis, with particular reference to the Caribbean region. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. Eds. K Mulongoy, M Gueye and D S C Spencer. pp. 79–95. J. Wiley and Sons.
Schuler T H, Poppy G M, Kerry B R and Denholm I 1998 Insectresistant transgenic plants. Trends Biotechnol. 16, 168–175.
Schweizer D and Ambros P 1979 Analysis of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in mitotic and polytene chromosomes of Phaseolus coccineus by silver staining and Giemsa C-banding. Pl. Syst. Evol. 132, 27–51.
Scott M E and Michaels T E 1992 Xanthomonas resistance of Phaseolus interspecific cross selections confirmed by field performance. HortScience 27, 348–350.
Segovia L, Young J P W and Martínez-Romero E 1993 Reclassification of American Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli type I strains as Rhizobium etli sp. nov. Int. j. Syst. Bacteriol. 43, 374–377.
Serraj R, Frangne E N, Maeshima M, Fleurat-Lessard P and Drevon J J 1998 A g-TIP cross-reacting protein is abundant in the cortex of soybean N2-fixing nodules. Planta 206, 681–684.
Shade R E, Schroeder H E, Pueyo J J, Tabe L M, Murdock L L, Higgins T G V and Chrispeels M J 1994 Transgenic pea seeds expressing the α-amylase inhibitor of the common bean are resistant to bruchid beetles. Bio-Technology 12, 793–796.
Shah F H and Cha T S 2000 A mesocarp and species–specific clone encodes for sesquiterpene synthase in oil palm. Plant Sci. 154, 153–160.
Shah F H, Omar R and Cha T S 2000 Temporal regulation of two isoforms of delta-9-stearoyl desaturase in oil Palm. Plant Sci. 152, 27–33.
Shah F H, Fathurrahman I, Tan C L and Cha T S 2002 Genetic manipulation in oil palm: Strategies to get the most efficient target tissues. Proc. 15th Int. Symp on Plant Lipids, p. 304.
Shamsuddin M, Vucenik I and Cole K E 1997 IP6: A novel anti-cancer agent. Life Sci. 61, 343–354.
Shelhammer J and Meinke D 1990 Arrested embryos from the auxotroph of Arabidopsis thaliana contain reduced levels of biotin. Plant Physiol. 93, 1162–1167.
Shii C T, Mok M C, Mok D W S 1981 Developmental controls of morphological mutants of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: differential expression of mutant loci in plant organs. Dev. Genet. 2, 279–290.
Silvente S, Blanco L, Camas A, Ortega J L, Ramírez M and Lara-Flores M 2002 A Rhizobium etli mutant modulates carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 15, 728–733.
Singh S P 1999 Integrated genetic improvement. In Common Bean Improvement in the 21st century. Ed. S P Singh. pp. 133–165. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Singh S P, Gepts P and Debouck D G 1991 Races of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae). Econ. Bot. 45, 379–396.
Singh S P and Molina A 1996 Inheritance of crippled trifolioate leaves occurring in interracial crosses of common bean and its relationship with hybrid dwarfism. J. Hered. 87(6), 464–469.
Smartt J 1990 Grain Legumes. Evolution and Genetic Resources. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 379.
Smith P M C, Mann A J, Goggin D E, Atkins C A 1998 AIR synthetase in Cowpea Nodules: A single gene product targeted to two organelles? Plant Molec. Biol. 36, 811–820.
Sonnante G, Stockton T, Nodari R O, Becerra Velásquez V L and Gepts P 1994 Evolution of genetic diversity during the domestication of common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 89, 629–635.
Sparvoli F, Lanave C, Santucci A, Bollini R and Lioi L 2001 Lectin and lectin-related proteins in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) seeds: biochemical and evolutionary studies. Plant Molec. Biol. 45, 587–597.
Sparvoli F, Faoro F, Daminati M G, Ceriotti A, Bollini R 2000 Misfolding and aggregation of vacuolar glycoproteins in plant cells. Plant J. 24, 825–836.
Srinivasan M, Petersen D J and Holl F B 1996 Influence of indole acetic acid producing Bacillus isolates on nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris by Rhizobium etli under gnotobiotic conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 42, 1006–1014.
Srivastava A, Strasser R J and Govindjee 1995 Polyphasic rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity and quantum yield of photosystem II of herbicide-resistant D1 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res. 43, 131–141.
Staiger C 2000 Signal to the actin cytoskeleton in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51, 257–288.
Stanley D W and Aguilera J M 1985 A review of textural defects in cooked reconstituted beans – the influence of structure and composition. J. Food Biochem. 9, 277–323.
Strasser R J, Srivastava A and Govindjee 1995 Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in plants and cyanobacteria. Photochem. Photobiol. 61, 32–42.
Strasser R J, Srivastava A and Tsimilli-Michael M The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterise and screen photosynthetic samples. In Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanisms, Regulation and Adaptation. Eds M Yunus, U Pathre and P Mohanty. Ch. 25, pp. 445–483. Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
Streit W and Entcheva P 2003 Biotin in microbes, the genes involved in its biosynthesis, its biochemical role and perspectives for biotechnological production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 61, 121–131.
Suarez M C, Bernal A, Gutierrez J, Tohme J and Fregene M 2000 Developing expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from polymorphic transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Genome 43, 62–67.
Suwastika I N, Toop T, Irving H R and Gehring C A 2000 In situ and in vitro binding of natriuretic peptide hormones in Tradescantia multiflora. Plant Biol. 2, 1–3.
Taillon-Miller P, Piernot E E and Kwok P-Y 1999 Efficient approach to unique single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery. Genome Res. 9, 499–505.
Tang C, Hinsinger P, Jaillard B, Rengel Z and Drevon J J 2001 Effect of phosphorous deficiency on the growth, symbiotic N2 fixation and proton release by two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes. Agronomie 21, 683–689.
Tanskley S D and McCouch S R 1997 Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277, 1063, 1066.
Tar'an B, Michaels T E and Pauls K P 2002 Genetic mapping of agronomic traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Crop Sci. 42, 544–556.
Tar'an B, Michaels T E and Pauls K P 2001 Mapping genetic factors affecting the reaction to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under field conditions. Genome 44, 1046–1056.
Teixeira, Sonia Milagros 1990 Bean production in Brazil. Mich. Dry Bean Digest 14, 2–9.
Thompson L U and Zhang L 1991 Phytic acid and minerals: effect on early markers for mammary and colon carcinogenisis. Carcinogenisis 12, 2041–2045.
Thornsberry J M, Goodman M M, Doebley J, Kresovich S, Nielsen D and Buckler E S 2001 Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time. Nature Genet. 28, 286–289.
Timmusk S and Wagner G H 1999 The plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa induces changes in Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression: a possible connection between biotic and abiotic stress responses. Mol. Plant-Microb. Int. 12, 951–959.
Tsimilli-Michael M, Eggenberg P, Biro B, Köves-Péchy K, Vörös I and Strasser R J 2000 Synergistic and antagonistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Azospirillum and Rhizobium nitrogen-fixers on the photosynthetic activity of alfalfa, probed by the polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient O-J-I-P. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15, 169–182.
Vadez V, Lasso J H, Beck D P and Drevon J J 1999 Variability of N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under P deficiency is related to P use efficiency. Euphytica 106, 231–242.
Vallad G, Rivkin M, Vallejos C and McClean P 2001 Cloning and homology modeling of a Pto-like protein kinase family of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 103; 1046–1058.
Vallejos C E, Sakiyama N S and Chase C D 1992 A molecular marker-based linkage map of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Genetics 131, 733–740.
van der Biezen E A, Juwana H, Parker J E and Jones J D 2000 cDNA-AFLP display for the isolation of Peronospora parasitica genes expressed during infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 13, 895–898.
Vance C P 1997 Enhanced agricultural sustainability through biological nitrogen fixation. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation for Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture. NATO ASI Series, Vol G 39. Eds. A Legocki, H Bothe and A Puhler. pp. 179–186. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Vanhouten W and MacKenzie S 1999 Construction and characterization of a common bean bacterial artificial chromosome library. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 977–983.
Vera-Núñez J A, Grageda-Cabrera O A and Peña-Cabriales J J 2000 Metodologías para evaluar la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. In La fijación Biológica de Nitrógeno en América Latina, El aporte de las técnicas isotópicas. Ed. J J Peña-Cabriales. pp. 59–67. IMPROSA, Irapuato, Gto. México.
Vitale A and Bollini R 1995 Legume storage proteins. In Seed Development and Germination. EdsJ Kiegel and G Galili. pp. 73–102. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel, Hong Kong.
Voet M, Defoor E, Verhasselt P, Riles L, Robben J and Volckaert G 1997 The sequence of a nearly unclonable 22.8 kb segment on the left arm of chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals ARO2, RPL9A, TIP1, MRF1 genes and six new open reading frames. Yeast 13, 177–182.
Volkmann D, Baluska F 1999 Actin cytoskeleton in plants: From transport networks to signaling networks. Microscopy Res. Techn. 47, 135–154. W. Plant regeneration from embryo derived callus in Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Waines J, Manshardt R and Wells W 1989 Interspecific hybridization between Phaseolus vulgaris and P. acutifolius. In Genetic Resources of Phaseolus Beans. Ed. P Gepts. pp. 485–502. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Walker K A 1973 Changes in phytic acid and phytase during early development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 116, 91–98.
Wang S-M, Fears S C, Zhang L, Chen J-J and Rowley J D 2000 Screening poly(dA/dT) cDNAs for gene identification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4162–4167.
Wang X, Wurtele E S and Nikolau B J 1995 Regulation of β-methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity by biotinylation of the apoenzyme. Plant Physiol. 108, 1133–1139.
Weaver L M, Yu Fei, Wurtele E S and Nikolau B J 1996 Characterization of the cDNA and gene coding for the biotin synthase of Aabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 110, 1021–1028.
Weeden N F, Muehlbauer F J and Ladizinsky G 1992 Extensive conservation of linkage relationships between pea and lentil genetic maps. J. Hered. 83, 123–129.
Welch R M, House W A, Beebe S and Cheng Z 1995 Genetic selection for Welsh W, Bushuk W, Roca W, Singh S P. Characterization of agronomic traits and markers of recombinant inbred lines from intra-and interracial populations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91, 169–177.
Welch R M, House W A, Beebe S and Cheng Z 2000 Genetic selection for enhanced bioavailable levels of iron in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds. J. Agr. Fd Chem. 48, 3576–3580.
Winzeler E A, Shoemaker D D, Astromoff A, Liang H, Anderson K, André B, Bangham R, Benito R, Boeke J D, Bussey H, Chu A M, Connelly C, Davis K, Dietrich F, Whelen Dow S, El Bakkoury M, Foury F, Friend S H, Gentalen E, Giaever G, Hegemann J H, Jones T, Laub M, Liao H, Liebundguth N, Lockhart D J, Lucau-Danila A, Lussier M, M'Rabet N, Menard P, Mittmann M, Pai C, Rebischung C, Revuelta J L, Riles L, Roberts C J, Ross-MacDonald P, Scherens B, Snyder M, Sookhai-Mahadeo S, Storms R K, Véronneau S, Voet M, Volckaert G, Ward T R, Wysocki R, Yen G S, Yu K, Zimmermann K, Philippsen P, Johnston and Davis M, 1999 Functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis. Science 285, 901–906.
Wiseman B R 1994 Plant resistance to insects in integrated pest management. Plant Dis. 78, 927–932.
Wiseman B R, Davis F M, Williams W P 1996 Resistance of a maize genotype, Fawcc(C5), to fall armyworm larvae. Florida Entomologist 79: 329–336.
Wortmann C S, Kirkby R A, Eledu C A, Allen D J 1998 Atlas of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Production in Africa. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
Xi C, Schoeters E, Vanderleyden J and Michiels J 2000 Symbiosisspecific expression of Rhizobium etli casA encoding a secreted calmodulin-related protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11114–11119.
Yan G, Chadee D D and Severson D W 1998 Evidence of genetic hitchhiking effect associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. Genetics 148, 793–800.
Young R A, Melotto M, Nodari R O and Kelly J D 1998 Combining classical genetics and molecular markers to characterize the oligogenic anthracnose resistance in the common bean cultivar, G2333. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96, 87–94.
Yu Z, Stall R, Vallejos C 1998 Detection of genes for resistance to common bacterial blight of beans. Crop Sci. 38, 1290–1296.
Zagnitko O, Jelenska J, Tevzadze G, Haselkorn R and Gornicki P 2001 An isoleucine/leucine residue in the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is critical for interaction with aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6617–6622.
Zambre M A, De Clercq J, Vranova E, Van Montagu M, Angenon G and Dillen W 1998 Plant regeneration from embryo derived callus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) and P. acutifolius A Gray (tepary bean) Plant Cell Rep. 17, 626–630.
Zambre M, Terryn N, De Clercq J, De Buck S, Dillen W, van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D and Angenon G (2003) Light strongly promotes gene transfer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells. Planta 216; 580–586.
Zambre M A, Geerts P, Maquet A, Van Montagu M, Dillen W and Angenon G 2001 Regeneration of fertile plants from callus in Phaseolus polyanthus (year bean). Ann. Bot London 88, 371–377.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Broughton, W.J., Hernández, G., Blair, M. et al. Beans (Phaseolus spp.) – model food legumes. Plant and Soil 252, 55–128 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024146710611
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024146710611