Abstract
MESODERM induction is a critical early step in vertebrate development, involving changes in gene expression and morphogenesis1. In Xenopus, normal mesoderm formation depends on signalling through the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) tyrosine kinase receptor2–4. One important signalling pathway from receptor tyro-sine kinases involves p21ras (ref. 5). Ras associates with the serine kinase c-Raf-1 in a GTP-dependent manner, and this complex phosphorylates and activates MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), a protein kinase with dual specificity. MEK then activates p42mapk and (at least in mammals) p44mapk, members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family6. FGF activates MAP kinase during mesoderm induction7–9, and the use of dominant-negative constructs suggests that mesoderm induction by FGF requires both Ras and Raf10,11. However, these experiments do not reveal whether Ras and Raf do act through MAP kinase to induce mesoderm or whether another pathway, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade12, is involved. Here we show that expression of active forms of MEK or of MAP kinase induces ventral mesoderm of the kind elicited by FGF. Overexpression of a Xenopus MAP kinase phosphatase blocks mesoderm induction by FGF, and causes characteristic defects in mesoderm formation in intact embryos, whereas inhibition of the P13 kinase and p70 S6 kinase pathways has no effect on mesoderm induction by FGF. FGF induces different types of mesoderm in a dose-dependent manner13; strikingly, this is mimicked by expressing different levels of activated MEK. Together, these experiments demonstrate that activation of MAP kinases is necessary and sufficient for mesoderm formation.
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Umbhauer, M., Marshall, C., Mason, C. et al. Mesoderm induction in Xenopus caused by activation of MAP kinase. Nature 376, 58–62 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/376058a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/376058a0
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