Figures
Abstract
In the early vertebrate embryo, cardiac progenitor/precursor cells (CPs) give rise to cardiac structures. Better understanding their biological character is critical to understand the heart development and to apply CPs for the clinical arena. However, our knowledge remains incomplete. With the use of single-cell expression profiling, we have now revealed rapid and dynamic changes in gene expression profiles of the embryonic CPs during the early phase after their segregation from the cardiac mesoderm. Progressively, the nascent mesodermal gene Mesp1 terminated, and Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ population rapidly replaced the Tbx5low+ population as the expression of the cardiac genes Tbx5 and Nkx2-5 increased. At the Early Headfold stage, Tbx5-expressing CPs gradually showed a unique molecular signature with signs of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Lineage-tracing revealed a developmentally distinct characteristic of this population. They underwent progressive differentiation only towards the cardiomyocyte lineage corresponding to the first heart field rather than being maintained as a progenitor pool. More importantly, Tbx5 likely plays an important role in a transcriptional network to regulate the distinct character of the FHF via a positive feedback loop to activate the robust expression of Tbx5 in CPs. These data expands our knowledge on the behavior of CPs during the early phase of cardiac development, subsequently providing a platform for further study.
Citation: Kokkinopoulos I, Ishida H, Saba R, Ruchaya P, Cabrera C, Struebig M, et al. (2015) Single-Cell Expression Profiling Reveals a Dynamic State of Cardiac Precursor Cells in the Early Mouse Embryo. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140831. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140831
Editor: Li Chen, University of Houston, UNITED STATES
Received: June 1, 2015; Accepted: September 29, 2015; Published: October 15, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Kokkinopoulos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data except for the raw data of deep sequencing are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The raw data of deep sequencing are available from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) under the accession number GSE63796.
Funding: This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (MRC) New Investigator Research Grant (G0900105) and the MRC Research Grant (MR/J007625/1 to KY) (http://www.mrc.ac.uk/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The heart is one of the first organs formed during vertebrate embryogenesis. Cardiac mesoderm cells emerge from the anterior portion of the primitive streak between the Early and Mid—Primitive Streak stages in the mouse embryo [1–4]. These cells migrate to the most anterior part of the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), where cardiac progenitor/precursor cells (CPs) populate the heart field that will form the heart tube upon the Neural Plate stage [3, 5]. Subsequent morphogenetic events include the formation and looping of the heart tube, expansion of the ventricular and atrial chambers, and septation of the ventricles, atria, and outflow tract.
Lineage tracing experiments have led to the identification of the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF), from which the SHF CPs have been well characterised to date [1, 2, 6–8]. The SHF derives from cells of the subpharyngeal mesoderm [6, 9]. This population is localized initially in the mediodorsal region neighboring the FHF at E7.5 in the mouse embryo. Continuous addition of cells from CPs of the SHF to the arterial and venous poles of the heart tube as well as to the atrial septum occur until the separated systemic and pulmonary circulation is completed, underling their contribution to the right ventricle, outflow tract, and parts of the atria. The multipotency of SHF CPs gives rise to cardiomyocytes, electric conduction system, smooth muscle and endocardial/endothelial cells [10]. In contrast, the FHF gives rise to the first differentiated cardiomyocytes in the anterior splanchnopleuric layer of the LPM and directly contributes to the linear primitive heart tube [3, 11–15]. Although the detailed mechanisms regulating the segregation of the two heart fields remain unknown, it has been indicated that the FHF’s specification precedes that of the SHF in the primitive streak at Primitive Streak stage [4, 13, 14, 16]. The expression of the transcription factor Tbx5 and potassium ion channel Hcn4 at E7.5 were shown to be specific to the FHF, although the expression pattern of both genes are dynamically shifted in later stages of embryo development [11, 12, 17, 18]. Tbx5 expression is also suggested to start at the Primitive Streak stage [14], whereas Hcn4 likely starts after the Late Headfold stage [4, 11, 12]. Recent lineage tracing experiments indicate that the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle and portions of the atria [12–14]. In addition, different from the SHF, the FHF CPs marked by Hcn4 and the FHF progenitor derived from the bHLH transcription factor Mesp1+ cardiac mesoderm cells were shown to be unipotent [12, 13]. Hcn4-expressing FHF CPs contribute to the cardiomyocyte lineage, including the electric conduction system, whereas Mesp1-expressing FHF progenitors develop into cardiomyocytes or endocardium cells. Although the outline of the segregation and lineage tree of CPs including the FHF have been uncovered, the segregation from where the cardiac mesoderm terminates and what molecular mechanism underlies the segregation of CPs from the cardiac mesoderm remains largely unknown. Thus, further detailed elucidation of CPs at the early developmental stages will provide a better understanding of this aspect of embryonic CPs.
In order to intricately characterize the mouse embryonic CPs from the Neural Plate to the Headfold stage where CPs markers Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 are activated, we studied single-cell expression profiles from these stages. We demonstrate here; 1) a dynamic shift of CPs within a short period of time, underscoring the distinct expression profiles of the FHF and SHF at a single-cell resolution, 2) the unipotent character of Tbx5 expressing CPs, which has not yet been clearly indicated, and 3) the existence of a positive feedback loop to fully activate the early Tbx5 expression, suggested to be essential for cardiomyocyte differentiation unipotency of the FHF.
Material and Methods
Animals
The BAC transgene Tbx5CreERT2 was constructed from the BAC clone RP23-267B15 [19] by replacement of exon 2 of Tbx5 with a CreERT2 cassette at the first methionine of the open reading frame in EL250 cells as previously described [20]. To perform recombination of BAC, PCR products for left-arm (5A SalI-EcoRV fragment) and right-arm (3A EcoRV-NotI fragment) fragments were amplified with the primer sets as follows; Tbx5-5A-F primer 5’ SalI site-caaaaataccgacgcctta-3’, Tbx5-5A-R primer 5’-EcoRV site-tgcgcaggggttcctg-3’, Tbx5-3A-F primer 5’-EcoRV site-cgatacagatgagggcttt-3’, and Tbx5-3A-R primer 5’-NotI site-ttatctggcccgttgttagc-3’. [5A SalI-EcoRV] fragment and [3A EcoRV-NotI] fragment were simultaneously cloned into pBluescript as [5A+3A SalI-EcoRV] fragment. After digestion via EcoRV, blunt-ended CreERT2-FRT-neoR-FRT cassette was inserted between 5A left- and 3A right-arms. The EL250 cells transformed with RP23-267B15 BAC clone were subjected to electroporation with [5A-CreERT2-FRT-neoR-FRT-3A] fragment and selection using kanamycin brought BAC transgene with knock-in of [5A-CreERT2-FRT-neoR-FRT-3A] into Tbx5 gene. Following the removal of the neoR cassette from this transgene via arabinose treatment (Flp induction), this genetically modified BAC clone (BAC transgene) was prepared and used for microinjection. BAC transgenic mice via microinjection were also generated as described previously [20]. The transgene recapitulated the expression pattern of endogenous Tbx5 from the Neural Plate stage to the Headfold stage in embryos of five independent transgenic lines. Two of these lines (#3 and #28) that were the most efficient with regard to recombination at the ROSA26lacZ Cre reporter allele after tamoxifen administration in pregnant female mice at E7.5 [21, 22], were used for the present study. For staging the embryos, dissected embryos were classified according to their morphological features to identify the precise developmental stage instead of the embryonic day staging because of the frequent stage variation among litters [4]. Vaginal plug detection was set as E0.5. For lineage tracing in vivo, tamoxifen (0.1 mg per g of body weight) was administered by oral gavage to pregnant ROSA26 Cre reporter mice as previously described [21–23]. For teratoma formation assay, ES cells were injected subcutaneously together with Matrigel (BD Biosciences) into CD1 Nude/Nude mice (Charles River). The resulting tumours were dissected, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (Sigma). All animals were kept as SPF grade. All animal procedures in this project were carried out under the project licenses (70/7254 and 70/7449) approved by the Home Office according to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 in the UK or under the approval from the Osaka University Animal Experimentation Committee (license Number: FBS-12-019) in Japan.
Single-Cell cDNA Expression Profiling
Embryos of Early allantoic Bud (EB), Late allantoic Bud (LB), Early Head Fold (EHF), and the Early Somite stages were dissected, and the yolk sac and posterior portion of the embryo were removed as much as possible. The tissue was then dissociated into single cells by incubation with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA (Gibco) for 7 min at 37°C. The single cells were suspended in Hepes-buffered DMEM (phenol red free, Gibco) containing 0.4% polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma) and transferred to a non-coated petri dish. Each single cell was subsequently transferred to a reaction tube with a capillary pipette for cDNA preparation as previously described [24, 25]. PCR analysis of marker gene expression was performed with the primers listed in S1 Table to validate the cell of origin for each single-cell cDNA preparation. The Taqman assay was performed with an ABI7900HT system (Applied Biosystems). The primers and 6-fluorescein amidite (FAM)–conjugated probes are listed in S2 Table. Deep sequencing of single-cell cDNAs was performed with an Illumina GA IIx as previously described [25]. Aligned reads were annotated, normalized as RPM (reads per million), and subjected to statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA and PCA, with Partek Genomic Suite 6.6 as previously described (S3 Table) [25]. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was performed by Panther (http://www.pantherdb.org/) [26] and KEGG Annotation (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/annotation/) [27]. The sequence data have been submitted to NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) under the accession number GSE63796.
In situ hybridization
Whole mount in situ hybridization and in situ hybridization on sections were performed as previously described [20, 28, 29]. A probe for Tbx5 was kindly provided by B. Bruneau, for Nkx2-5 by R. Harvey, for Isl1 by S. Evans, for Mesp1 by Y. Saga, for Myl7 by M. Shirai, and for Myl2 by T. Mohun. Images were acquired with a Leica M205FA stereomicroscope and DFC310 FX digital camera.
Pulse-Chase Lineage Tracing
Embryos of Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP mice were dissected, and only those at the LB or EHF stage were studied. The embryos were incubated for 3 h in DMEM supplemented with 75% rat serum and 1 μM of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (Sigma) and then washed three times with Hepes-buffered DMEM (Gibco) to remove any residual drug. Whole-embryo culture was performed as previously described, with or without 1 μM 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 24 hours up to early somite stage for ex vivo lineage trace [28, 30]. For long culture, the dissected anterior portion of each embryo already exposed to 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 3 h was seeded on gelatin-coated Lab-Tek Chamber Slides (Nunc) after washing three times with Hepes-buffered DMEM to remove tamoxifen. The explants were cultured for 6 days without 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fixed for 10 min at 4°C with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS prior to immunofluorescence staining.
Derivation of mouse ES Cells
ES cell derivation was performed as previously described [31]. Blastocysts were harvested at E3.5 from pregnant ROSA26eYFP/eYFP mice that had been crossed with Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP transgenic males. The hatched blastcycts were cultured on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in iSTEM Embryonic Stem Cell Culture Medium (StemCells) supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (ESGRO, Merck Millipore) at 1000 U/ml. After 5 to 6 days, the ES cell aggregates were isolated by exposure to trypsin and seeded again on a feeder layer. The resulting clones were isolated and expanded further. Among the established ES cell colonies, we selected three independent clones with the male karyotype (represented by the presence of Sry) for further study. The ES cells were maintained in ESGRO Complete PLUS Clonal Grade Medium (Millipore) without feeder cells but with the addition of LIF (1000 U/ml).
Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of mouse ES cells
Cardiac differentiation of mouse ES cells was induced via embryoid body formation followed by the culture of formed embryoid bodies on the gelatin-coated culture dish in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, which allows stochastic cardiac differentiation in ES cells, in order to exclude the possibility that a defined media preferentially induce the FHF identity. Cardiac differentiation, especially for FACS analysis, was induced using a previously described protocol with a modification [32]. Differentiation was induced either by embryoid body formation or in monolayer culture. Undifferentiated colonies were passaged for cell counting and reseeded at a density of 5000 cells/mm2 on glass coverslips coated with gelatin, fibronectin, or laminin. Colonies were exposed either to DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS throughout the differentiation process or to defined media for three-step differentiation. For three-step differentiation, cells isolated by exposure to trypsin were incubated for 1 day in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM)–Ham’s F12 (Invitrogen) supplemented with N2 and B27 supplements (Gibco), 10% bovine serum albumin (Sigma), 2mM L-glutamine (Gibco), penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco), 0.5 mM ascorbic acid (Sigma), and 150 mM monothioglycerol (Sigma). For mesodermal induction and patterning, cells were exposed for 2 days to different concentrations of Activin A (5 and 8 ng/ml, R&D Systems) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 ng/ml; R&D Systems) together with human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, 5 ng/ml; R&D Systems). Cardiac specification was induced by exposure of the cells to StemPro-34 SF medium (Gibco) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.5 mM ascorbic acid, human VEGF (5 ng/ml), human basic fibroblast growth factor (10 ng/ml, R&D Systems), and human fibroblast growth factor 10 (50 ng/ml, R&D Systems). The medium was changed every other day, and cells were analysed after 10 to 14 days in vitro.
Immunostaining
Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis of cultured cells and tissue sections was performed as previously described [28, 33, 34]. Alkaline phosphatase staining was performed with an Alkaline-Phosphatase Detection Kit (Millipore). Immunofluorescence images of tissue sections were acquired with Zeiss LSM510 confocal and Keyence BZ8000 fluorescence microscopes. Chemiluminescent Western blot data was acquired with Alpha Imager HP Imaging System (Alpha Innotech). Primary antibodies were as follows: TBX5 (1/100 dilution for histology and 1/1000 dilution for Western blot, rabbit polyclonal, Sigma, Catalogue number HPA008786), GFP for the detection of eYFP (1/100 dilution, mouse monoclonal, Invitrogen, Catalogue number A11120; 1/100 dilution, rabbit polyclonal, Molecular Probes, Catalogue number A6455; 1/4000 dilution, goat polyclonal, Abcam, Catalogue number AB38689), TNNT2 (1/100 dilution, goat polyclonal, HyTest, Catalogue number 4T19/2), ACTA2 (1/100 dilution, rabbit polyclonal, Abcam, Catalogue number AB32575), HCN4 (1/100 dilution, rabbit polyclonal, Millipore, Catalogue number AB5808), NKX2-5 (1/100 dilution, goat polyclonal, Santa Cruz, Catalogue number sc8697), PECAM1 (1/100 dilution, rat polyclonal, Pharmingen, Catalogue number 550274), Estrogen Receptor α (not diluted, ESR; rabbit monoclonal, Abcam, Catalogue number AB27595), SSEA1 (1/1000 dilution, mouse monoclonal, Abcam, Catalogue number AB16285) and αTubulin (1/200 dilution, mouse monoclonal, Sigma, Catalogue number T5168).
Flow Cytometry
Mouse ES cells on day 14 of cardiac differentiation were analyzed with the use of an LSR Fortessa II Analyzer (BD Biosciences) and FACSDiva 7.0 software as previously described [33]. In brief, the cultured cells were isolated by exposure to 0.25% trypsin/EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich) for 6 min at 37°C under 5% CO2. These were then fixed and permeabilized with IntraStain Reagent A and B of an IntraStain kit (DAKO) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Primary antibodies included antibodies to TNNT2 (1/200 dilution, goat polyclonal, HyTest) and to GFP (1/500 dilution, rabbit polyclonal, Molecular Probes). Secondary antibodies included Alexa Fluor 647–conjugated donkey antibodies to goat immunoglobulin G and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated donkey antibodies to rabbit immunoglobulin G (Molecular Probes). To assay apoptosis, Annexin V positive apoptotic cells were measured using a Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V Alexa Fluor™ 488 & Propidium Iodide Kit (Molecular Probes) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Gene Targeting with CRISPR/Cas9
The oligonucleotide for a sgRNA was cloned into the pX330 vector (Addgene), and electroporated with the pIRES-puro expression vector (Clontech) into ES cells, followed by puromycin (Sigma) selection as previously described [35]. The oligonucleotides used for sgRNA are listed in S4 Table. The genomic deletion was confirmed by sequencing of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products obtained from the targeted genomic sequence.
Results
The single-cell expression profile of the earliest cardiac cells is highly dynamic
To characterize the CPs, we analysed single-cell cDNA profiles for the micro-dissected heart-forming region of mouse embryos from the Early Allantoic bud (EB) stage to the Early Headfold (EHF) stage, where Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 expression are initiated (Fig 1A and 1B). We excluded non—cardiac cell cDNA preparations on the basis of the markers Sox17 for endoderm, and Sox2 for neural ectoderm (Fig 1C) [36–38]. Cfc1 was used for a marker of LPM and it should be positively expressed in CPs. We identified Sox17−/Sox2−/Cfc1+/Nkx2-5+ and/or Tbx5+ cells as candidates for FHF CPs. PCR amplification of cDNAs revealed expression of Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 from the EB stage, whereas we did not detect their expression by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) at this stage (Fig 1A and 1C–1E). This finding appears consistent with the segregation of the FHF and SHF within the primitive streak [13, 14]. Among a total of 1088 single-cell cDNA preparations obtained from the EB to Somite stages, we identified 111 preparations (those other than the ones of medium and light blue colours in the CP pie chart shown in Fig 1C) as candidates for FHF CPs. We also detected Isl1+ LPM cells negative for Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 expression, which must correspond to the most primitive SHF cells (the medium and light blue colours in Fig 1C). Of note, most Tbx5-negative CPs were Isl1 positive (67% versus 4% of all CPs in Fig 1C). We then classified CP cDNA preparations chronologically in terms of Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 expression (Fig 1D). Consistent with the results of WISH analysis, the abundance of Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 mRNAs increased gradually (Fig 1E and 1F), with the number of double-positive CPs for Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 (Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+) increasing up to the somite stage at the expense of Tbx5 single-positive (Tbx5+) CPs (Fig 1D). Given the specificity of the earliest Tbx5 for the FHF and the induction of Tbx5 expression at the Primitive Streak stage [14], this subpopulation shift suggests that Tbx5-expressing FHF CPs appear initially as Tbx5+ which later become Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+. Although the earliest expression of both Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 has been regarded as a marker for the cardiac crescent (FHF), the region of Nkx2-5 expression was not identical to that of Tbx5 expression (Fig 1D and 1F and S1 Fig) [1, 39]. The area of Nkx2-5 expression expanded more widely toward the medial region than that of Tbx5, suggesting that only Tbx5-expressing cells at the EHF stage constitutes the FHF. Alternatively, the data suggests that the cardiac crescent could harbour a heterogeneous mixture containing Nkx2-5low+ cells that later activate Tbx5.
(A) WISH analysis of Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 expression in mouse embryos at EB, late bud (LB), and EHF stages. Embryos are shown in left lateral view. A; anterior, P; posterior, Red arrows; the most anterior part of the embryo. (B) Strategy for generation of single-cell cDNA preparations. (C) Classification of single-cell cDNA preparations of CPs from EB, LB, and EHF stages by PCR analysis of marker genes. The number of preparations is shown in parentheses. (D) Subpopulation shift between EB and Somite stages. (E) Taqman assay for Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 on constructed single-cell cDNA preparations. (F) Distribution of Nkx2-5-expressing CPs and Tbx5-expressing CPs in EHF stage embryo. The pictures of the embryos in the upper panel indicate whole mount in situ hybridization for Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 in EHF stage embryos in the frontal view. Note the area of Nkx2-5 is wider than that of Tbx5. Fluorescence images indicate the immunostained EHF stage mouse embryo for NKX2-5 and TBX5. The illustration at the upper right panel shows section plane of fluorescence image. D; distal, EN; endoderm, NE; neural ectoderm. Blue; 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Green; TBX5, Red; NKX2-5, L; left, P; proximal, R; right. Scale bar; 100 μm.
To characterize each of these subpopulations further, we scored cDNA preparations chronologically for the ratio of cells positive for the expression of additional cardiac marker genes by PCR (Fig 2A and 2B). Most CPs at the EB stage still expressed the cardiac progenitor marker Mesp1 [1, 40]. The expression of Mesp1 was almost completely down-regulated within the heart fields by the EHF stage. A terminal differentiation marker of cardiomyocytes, Myl2, was not expressed in a substantial proportion of cells until the somite stage, consistent with WISH data (Fig 2B) [41]. Thus, the clearly recognizable robust terminal differentiation likely takes place between the Late Headfold (LHF) stage (E8.0) and the somite stage. Unexpectedly, another cardiomyocyte marker Myl7 was apparent in almost all CPs at all stages analysed and even among yolk sac (Fig 2B)[7, 42]. Myl7 was expressed even at the EB stage, with its expression also previously having been detected within the primitive streak [13, 43], suggesting that its expression does not necessarily reflect a cardiomyocyte identity, at least up to the EHF stage. Also unexpectedly, Isl1 that has been regarded as specific for the SHF was detected in most cDNA preparations in the EHF stage regardless of Tbx5 expression, although fewer Tbx5+ CPs in the EB stage expressed Isl1 compared to Nkx2-5+ CPs (Fig 2A). This evidence supports previous reports that Isl1 is detected among the FHF population [44–47]. As indicated by previous studies, Isl1 expression was down-regulated in differentiated cardiomyocytes at E8.5 (Fig 2A and 2B) [10, 44, 45]. Together, these results suggest that the expression profiles of CPs change rapidly from the EB to EHF stages; they might reflect a superimposition of different waves of progenitor cells and progressive differentiation.
(A) Proportion of single-cell cDNA preparations positive for Mesp1, Myl2, Isl1, and Myl7 expression at the indicated embryonic stages as determined by PCR analysis. (B) WISH analysis of Mesp1, Myl2, Isl1, and Myl7 expression in the mouse embryo at the EB, LB, and EHF stages. Embryos are shown in the left lateral view. Expression of Mesp1 was detected at a low level in the anterior mesoderm at the EB stage. Myl2 was not detected as expected by PCR analysis on single cell cDNA preparations in (A). A; anterior, P; posterior.
To explore further, we selected three typical single-cell cDNA preparations of EB and EHF stages and examined the expression profile by deep sequencing (Fig 3, S2 Fig and S3 Table). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the expression profiles of Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs at the EHF stage were relatively distinct from others (Fig 3A). The heterogeneity was observed to some extent even among cDNAs belonging to the same population, represented by the distance in PCA. We then filtered the genes showing a significant difference in expression in each cell subpopulation compared with the other cell subpopulations by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, with a non-adjusted P value of <0.05) (Fig 3B, S2 Fig and S5–S8 Tables). The enriched genes in Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs included already known markers for CPs (Tbx5, Smarcd3, and Gata4), molecules of negative regulation of canonical WNT receptor signalling pathway (Wnt5a, Ror2, and Sfrp5) [48, 49], and sarcomere molecules (Tnnc1, Tnni1, and Myl7). This strongly suggests that the Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs have already started terminal differentiation into cardiomyocytes to some extent, although we could not detect Myl2 using PCR on single cell cDNA preparations and whole mount in situ hybridization (Fig 2). Potential inhibition of the WNT canonical pathway in this population is consistent with previous reports indicating that the WNT canonical pathway inhibits cardiomyocyte differentiation after cells have already been committed to a cardiac lineage [50, 51]. In contrast, the enriched genes in EHF Nkx2-5+ CPs included the genes expressed in the SHF (Fgf10 and Fgf8), suggesting that this population is the SHF CPs [52]. The enrichment of Cited2 and Hand1, which are related to heart development, were observed in EB Tbx5+ CPs, whereas the components of WNT canonical (Ctnnb1, Lef1 and Tcf3) and NOTCH signalling (Notch1 and RBPj) were enriched in EB Nkx2-5+ CPs [53, 54]. The significant expression of the components of the WNT canonical pathway and the NOTCH pathway in early SHF CPs (EB Nkx2-5+) supports a procardiogenic role of canonical WNT in the early phase and the requirement of the NOTCH1 pathway for cardiac differentiation [50, 55].
(A) PCA for the results of deep sequencing of single-cell cDNA preparations from cells of the indicated subpopulations. Circles of lighter colour represent each of the cell subpopulations, and those of darker colour represent the centroid for each cell subpopulation. Each ellipse indicates the standard deviation. (B) Heat-map of the expression of enriched key genes in each subpopulation. Nkx2-5 and Mef2c were not enriched in any subpopulation. The intensity was calculated by the formula; z = (x-μ)/σ. z; intensity, x; value of Reads per Million, μ average, σ standard deviation. (C) Top ten categories of GO enrichment analysis in each subpopulation.
We next subjected these genes to Gene Ontology enrichment analyses (Fig 3C and S9–S12 Tables) [26]. The top three categories in Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs were relevant to the cardiac development process. Additionally, the enrichment of genes involved in chromatin remodelling, organelle organization and metabolic processes (including molecules in mitochondria for lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation) were also observed (S12 Table). This suggests a dynamic shift of the FHF CP in order to establish the unique structure and metabolism of the cardiomyocyte. Conversely, the other CPs did not show such specificity, rather general developmental (growth and anatomical structure development) and metabolic processes. EB Tbx5+ CPs and EB Nkx2-5+ CPs showed no sign of commitment, although markers involved in mesenchymal morphogenesis were observed in EB Nkx2-5+ CPs. These results suggest that the differentiation of Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs in the EHF stage is more advanced than the others [12, 13]. Consequently, it seems that Tbx5+ FHF cells rapidly differentiate towards a cardiomyocyte fate after they activate Nkx2-5, moving away from maintaining a progenitor cell status for a prolonged period, a characteristic observed in CPs of the SHF [6].
The production of bacterial artificial chromosome Tbx5CreERT2 transgene to trace the FHF
We next attempted to trace the distinct sub-population of Tbx5-expressing cells inside the heart. Macro-anatomical distribution of Tbx5-expressing cells have been appreciated thus far, however identifying the cell type progeny is yet to be elucidated in detail [14]. To prevent heart anomalies caused by modifying the endogenous Tbx5 allele leading to haploinsufficiency, we generated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) Tbx5CreERT2 transgene, which allowed the tamoxifen-induced labelling of Tbx5-expressing CPs progeny from E7.5 in ROSA26 Cre reporter mice harbouring a lacZ or enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) reporter gene (Fig 4A and S3A Fig) [22, 23, 56, 57]. The expression of the CreERT2 transgene mimicked endogenous Tbx5 expression pattern from the Neural Plate to the Headfold stage (S3B and S3C Fig). Tamoxifen treatment (0.1 mg per g of body weight) by oral gavage at E7.5 labelled the Tbx5-expressing cell progeny in the heart only, and not the forelimb bud, where Tbx5 expression begins at E8.5 (somite 8) (S3D and S3E Fig) [17]. The amount of expressed CreERT2 protein was sufficient to detect via immunofluorescence from EB stage embryos (S4 Fig). As expected, further analysis revealed that the progeny of E7.5 Tbx5-expressing cells were found specifically among cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle, parts of both atria, and parts of the cardiac conduction system (atrioventricular node, and bundle of His) at E15.5, corresponding to the expected FHF distribution (Fig 4B–4G) [11–14, 16]. The unipotency of the Tbx5-expressing FHF was also consistent with recent observations [12, 13, 58–61]. Thus, this transgene enabled to trace Tbx5-expressing CPs of the earliest stage [19]. The dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) may also derive from cells that express Tbx5 at E7.5. This population of the SHF is known to express Tbx5 at E10.5 contributing to the atrial septum [18]. Interestingly, tracing of E7.5 Tbx5-expressing cells in the ROSA26eYFP reporter mouse embryos at E10.5 revealed that TBX5+ DMP cells did not include any eYFP+ cells (Fig 4H), suggesting that Tbx5-expressing CPs at E7.5 do not contribute to this population.
(A-G). Sections of the heart of E15.5 BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP mouse embryos treated with tamoxifen at E7.5 in vivo were subjected to confocal immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies to the indicated proteins. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. The boxed region in (A) is shown at higher magnification in (D), and those in (B) are shown at higher magnification in (F) and (G). Data are representative of three embryos. Asterisks indicate the sinoatrial node (F) or the bundle of His (G). The white arrow in (G) indicates the AV node. (H) Horizontal section stained with indicated antibodies at the atrial level of a BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP mouse embryo at E10.5 after tamoxifen treatment at E7.5 in vivo. TBX5+ cells in the DMP (white arrows) were negative for eYFP. LA; left atrium, RA; right atrium, RAVC; right anterior vena cava. Scale bars: 100 μm (A and B), 20 μm (C–G) and 200 μm (H).
Distinct behaviour of the FHF CPs defined by a transcriptional network involving Tbx5
The evidence that Tbx5+ CPs were replaced by Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ CPs at later stage suggests that Tbx5+ CPs become Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ CPs (Fig 1D). To validate this hypothesis, we examined BAC Tbx5CreERT2 /ROSA26eYFP/eYFP embryos subjected to pulse-chase labelling in culture transiently exposed to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (Fig 5 and S5 Fig). This system allowed the termination of genetic labelling of Tbx5-expressing cells almost immediately (within a few hours) after 4-hydroxytamoxifen removal from the culture medium (S5 Fig). If labelled at the EB stage (Fig 5A), we indeed detected eYFP+/TBX5+ cells in the heart tube at the somite stage (E8.25) (Fig 5A). Given that all Tbx5-expressing cells were Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ at the somite stage (Fig 1D), the presence of eYFP+/TBX5+ cells in the heart tube of E8.25 embryos strongly suggests that Tbx5+ cells at the EB stage became Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ cells. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that Nkx2-5low+ CPs at the EB stage also contribute to the FHF (Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ CPs), because not all of TBX5-positive cells were eYFP-positive in this experiment (Fig 5A).
(A) Horizontal section of a BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP mouse embryo at the somite stage stained for TBX5 (red) and eYFP (green) is indicated in the right panel. This embryo was dissected at EB stage, pulse-labelled via transient exposure to 4-hydroxytamoxifen in vitro for 3 hours followed by the withdrawal of tamoxifen, and cultured for 24 hours via whole embryonic culture without 4-hydroxytamoxifen up to the early Somite stage. Red arrows indicate Tbx5-expressing cells labelled at the EB stage, and asterisks indicate the background signal in the endoderm due to the anti-mouse secondary antibodies on mouse section. Data are representative of five embryos. Left panel indicates the illustration of experimental design. hf, headfold. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B) Quantitative cytometric plot of the pulse-labelling experiment presented in C and E is indicated as mean ± SEM values. *P<0.05. (C) BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP embryos were pulse-labelled by transient exposure to 4-hydroxytamoxifen at the LB stage, and a tissue fragment from the anterior portion of each embryo was then cultured in the absence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen for 6 days before confocal immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies to TBX5 and to eYFP. Data are representative of four embryos. Blue fluorescence; DAPI, White arrowheads; TBX5+/eYFP−cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) Schematic representation of CP eYFP-/TBX5+ progeny. (E) Embryos were analyzed as in (C) with the exception that pulse-labelling was performed at the EHF stage. Data are representative of six embryos. TBX5+/eYFP−cells were largely absent. Scale bar, 100 μm. (F) Schematic explanation of CP eYFP+/TBX5+-only progeny. A CP source producing TBX5+ cells is not present after pulse-labelling.
On the other hand, it is suggested that the production of Tbx5-expressing FHF CPs terminate by E8.5 demonstrated by the Tbx5-expressing cells labelled at E7.5 completely occupied the anatomical structure corresponding to the FHF (Fig 4). The question thus arises as to the duration of Tbx5-expressing FHF CPs being supplied by the cardiac mesoderm. To elucidate this, we utilized the pulse-chase system. If the production of Tbx5-expressing cells continued after pulse-labelling, TBX5+/eYFP−single positive cells should be observed (Fig 5D). Conversely, if the production of Tbx5-expressing cells has terminated before pulse-labelling, only TBX5+/eYFP+ double-positive cells should be detected (Fig 5F). Many TBX5+/eYFP−cells were detected when pulse-labelling was performed at the Late Allantoic Bud (LB) stage (Fig 5B and 5C), whereas almost all cells expressing TBX5 were eYFP+ when pulse-labelling was performed at the EHF stage (Fig 5B and 5E). These findings indicate that the production of Tbx5-expressing CPs continues at the LB stage but terminates before the EHF stage. This suggests that the progeny of FHF CPs increase in number as a result of proliferation of an already committed cell pool after the Headfold stage, rather than as a result of a continuous supply of cells from pre-established cardiac progenitors. Furthermore, the data suggest that Nkx2-5+ cells at the EHF stage are from the SHF CPs, minimally contributing to the Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ cell subpopulation after the EHF stage (Fig 1D). This idea is consistent with Nkx2-5+ CPs expressing genes specifically from the SHF in deep sequencing analysis (Fig 3B). Thus, at the Headfold stage, Tbx5-expressing CPs are the FHF.
To trace the FHF CPs in vitro, we derived embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP blastocysts (Fig 6A–6D and S6 Fig) and induced their cardiac differentiation in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (Fig 6E). The differentiated cells were examined on day 14 of differentiation. Using this in vitro ES cell differentiation method, beating foci of cardiomyocytes are usually recognized after day 10 of differentiation. Even if we did not use a defined medium that significantly drives ES cells to cardiomyocyte differentiation [32], we found that almost all eYFP+ cells differentiated into either TNNT2+ cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting that the cell fate of Tbx5-expressing cells is intrinsically determined. Although few in number, HCN4+ cells which are conduction system cells or primary myocardium of the FHF CPs, were observed [11, 12, 62]. However, eYFP+ endothelial cells (PECAM+) and smooth muscle cells (ACTA2+) were not found (Fig 6E).
(A) Alkaline phosphatase staining for BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells stained with SSEA1 antibody. Blue; DAPI. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) RT-PCR analysis of Oct3/4 and Sox2 expression in BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells. (D) Genomic PCR analysis for CreERT2 and Sry in isolated BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cell lines. Only those with a male karyotype (Sry positive) were chosen for further experiments. Clones #2 and #3 are female and male, respectively. (E) BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells were induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The cells at differentiation day 14 were then stained with antibodies to eYFP as well as with those to TNNT2, HCN4, PECAM1, or ACTA2A. Blue; DAPI. Scale bars, 100 μm.
The distinct genetic program of Tbx5-expressing CPs revealed by deep sequencing implied that Tbx5 might directly regulate the specific properties of the FHF cells. To examine this notion, we ablated Tbx5 in Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells with the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system (Fig 7A–7C) [35]. We designed a single guide (sg) RNA for the coding sequence in exon 2 immediately downstream of the first methionine in its open reading frame, so that the Cas9 nuclease does not affect the BAC transgene (the target sequence of the sgRNA was completely replaced by the CreERT2 cassette in the transgene). The introduced mutations resulted in premature termination of translation before the T-box domain and the consequent production of short peptides unlikely to function as a transcription factor (Fig 7B and 7C, S7 and S8 Figs). Induction of cardiac differentiation in the non-modified ES cells in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen similarly resulted in the differentiation of almost all eYFP+ cells into TNNT2+ cardiomyocytes (Fig 7D and 7E). In contrast, eYFP+ cells were not detected among the differentiated Tbx5 knockout ES cells. These results strongly suggest the role of TBX5 in characterising the FHF by a positive feedback loop that activates directly or indirectly the earliest Tbx5 expression. Alternatively an appropriate cell condition to transcribe this BAC transgene is lost in Tbx5 null cells. Of note, the proportion of TNNT2+/eYFP−cardiomyocytes was similar in the knockout and non-modified ES cells, strongly suggesting that TNNT2+/eYFP−cardiomyocytes originate from the SHF CPs population. Given the previously reported phenotype of Tbx5 null embryos, this evidence also suggests that the FHF-derived cells lost their cardiomyocyte identity in the absence of Tbx5 expression [57]. This is also supported by the observation that no elevations of apoptotic cells are apparent when Tbx5 is robustly induced (at differentiation day 7) during the cardiac differentiation of ES cells. This strongly suggests that Tbx5 null cells did not die but instead lose their cardiomyocyte differentiation ability (S9 Fig). In addition, if TNNT2+/eYFP−cardiomyocytes belong to the SHF, the FHF may not be necessary for cardiomyocyte differentiation of the SHF, at least in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggest that a distinct genetic program related to Tbx5 defines the unique characteristics of the FHF, fundamentally distinct from the SHF, although validating the precise function of Tbx5 on the FHF requires further study.
(A) An sgRNA was designed to target the sequence (shown in red) immediately downstream of the first methionine codon (ATG in blue). The underlined TGG sequence corresponds to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). (B) Obtained internal deletion alleles in a Tbx5 null ES cell line. The first methionine codon (ATG) is shown in bold, and the PAM (TGG) is shown in green. (C) Immunoblot analysis of TBX5 and eYFP in differentiated BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells that were either wild type or null (k/o) for Tbx5. α-Tubulin was examined as a loading control. The whole blotted membrane is indicated as a whole in S8 Fig. (D) BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26 eYFP/eYFP ES cells either rendered Tbx5 null by the CRISPR/Cas9 or left unmodified (WT) were induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The cells were then subjected to flow cytometric analysis of TNNT2 and eYFP expression. ES cells without the BAC transgene were used as control. (E) Representative flow cytometric plots as well as mean ± SEM values from three independent experiments are shown. *P < 0.05; NS, not significant (Student's t test). (F) Schematic representation of the early CPs. CMs; cardiomyocytes, CSCs; electric conduction system cells.
Discussion
On the basis of our results presented here, we propose a new model of CP differentiation (Fig 7F). From the EB to EHF stages, Tbx5-expressing cells constitute the specified cell population assigned to contribute to the FHF and therefore give rise to the left ventricle and portions of the atria. Tbx5low+ cells appear as the initial FHF CPs and then become Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ CPs. Once Tbx5 expression is activated in the FHF, the cells are committed to a cardiomyocyte lineage only. The progenitor pool that supplies Tbx5-expressing FHF CPs only exists transiently from the primitive streak stage to the EHF stage, with rapid differentiation following activation of Nkx2-5 expression. Expansion of the FHF progeny thus depends mainly on the proliferation of an already committed CP population to provide cardiomyocytes after EHF stage. On the other hand, the SHF cells become Nkx2-5 CPs without Tbx5 expression, which appear as an initial wave of SHF CPs after the EHF stage.
We demonstrate rapid and dynamic changes in gene expression profiles of the earliest CPs within a short time period from the Neural Plate stage to the Headfold stage; in addition to supporting the view that distinct transcriptional properties define the unique character of the FHF cells. The transcriptional program likely includes the core module of cardiac transcription factors driving differentiation [63]. Among the components of this core module, TBX5 likely plays a central role in cooperation with other cardiac genes. This is supported by our data and previous studies that indicate that Tbx5 is necessary for the FHF’s development, even if Tbx5 alone is insufficient for cardiomyocyte fate [57, 64]. Tbx5 unlikely regulates progenitor function but rather plays its role to control the differentiation and patterning of the FHF. It seems that such a core module involving Tbx5 is the reason that the FHF differs from the SHF CPs, in that they are rapidly differentiating and do not continue to function as a progenitor pool for long term supply of heart cells [65].
The mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of Tbx5 remains largely unclear, although enhancers sufficient to mimic all endogenous Tbx5 expression are known to be distributed over 400 kb in the mouse genome, making it difficult to study any corresponding cis-regulatory elements [19]. Expression of the BAC transgene in the present study suggested that ~208 kb of this clone were sufficient to recapitulate Tbx5 expression at least from the Neural Plate to the Headfold stage (S3 Fig). The expression pattern of the transgene was consistent with the results of lineage tracing using a Tbx5CreERT2 knock-in allele [14]. In addition, our data indicate that a positive feedback loop exists to directly or indirectly activate the early Tbx5 expression in the mouse embryo (Fig 7D and 7E), which has not been shown in previous studies [19, 63]. It is likely that this feedback loop is necessary for Tbx5 activation at the earliest phase. Indeed, in the case of the human, the importance of a positive feedback loop via T-box binding sites in the promoter region of human TBX5 was suggested [66]; however this human genomic region relevant to such a proposed transcriptional regulation is not conserved in the mouse genome. Thus, such a regulatory mechanism of human TBX5 is unlikely universal across species. Full elucidation of the TBX5 binding sites is key to defining the cis-regulatory elements of mouse Tbx5, especially those required for the earliest expression in the cardiac lineage.
Previous studies indicated that segregation of the FHF and SHF occurs among the Mesp1+ cardiac mesoderm cells from the Primitive Streak stage to the earliest phase of the Neural Plate stage [13, 14, 16]. Consistent with this, we detected the transcripts of Nkx2-5, Isl1, and Tbx5 expression at the EB stage using single-cell analysis. Retrospective clonal tracing studies indicate that Mesp1+ cells contributing to the FHF first appear at E6.25 and that their segregation terminates by E7.0 [13, 16]. Segregation of the SHF follows this first wave of the FHF from E6.75 and continues up to E7.5. A clone of each heart field contributes exclusively to the anatomic structures relevant to each heart field [7, 12–14, 16]. Our study entirely supports this idea, revealing that Tbx5-expressing CPs also showed an almost exclusive distribution with distinct transcriptional properties, and that they progressively differentiated over a relatively short period without maintaining their progenitor status. It will be of interest to determine whether the initial wave of cardiac Mesp1+ nascent mesoderm cells (which correspond to the FHF but have not yet fully activated Tbx5 expression) have sufficient plasticity to be able to change their fate according to extrinsic cues [13]. Indeed, the primitive streak or nascent mesoderm cells that naturally contribute to the future heart in vivo manifested the ability to change their fate after heterotopic transplantation to a new anatomic environment [5, 67]. This finding suggests that the cell fate of the FHF is not determined until the full activation of Tbx5.
An explanation for the biological significance of two distinct populations in heart morphogenesis can be explained by our data that supports the idea of the FHF having evolved to generate a minimal but sufficiently functional pump for initiation of blood circulation within a short time period [68–70]. The FHF may also provide the SHF with a scaffold for heart morphogenesis, but our data suggests that at least the cardiomyocyte differentiation of the SHF is independent of the FHF (Fig 7D). In line with this, our finding supports the previously demonstrated evidence that the cardiac crescent is not necessary in order for the SHF to generate the outflow tract [71]. However, we found that TNNT2 expression in eYFP−cardiomyocytes from the SHF, was slightly higher in the setting of Tbx5 ablation (Fig 7D), suggesting that the differentiation of the SHF into cardiomyocytes was perhaps altered without the presence of the FHF CPs. Therefore, it is plausible that the interaction between the two heart fields control the spatiotemporal fate of SHF differentiation. Alternatively, the SHF, originally a common source for providing the pharyngeal muscle and a portion of the cardiomyocytes of the single liner heart in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis, may have evolved to generate additional complex heart structures for separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulation in higher animals [68–70]. Maintenance of the SHF progenitor pool is thus paramount until these evolutionarily new structures are completed. From this viewpoint, most congenital heart diseases that result from misalignment of the four chambers and great vessels might be regarded as direct or indirect diseases of the SHF.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig. Distribution of NKX2-5+ CPs and NKX2-5+/TBX5+ CPs in EHF stage embryo.
This section was derived from the same embryo indicated in Fig 1F, but the sectional plane was further posteriorly positioned as illustrated. In this section, only NKX2-5+ CPs (white arrow) could be found, which indicates that the area of NKX2-5+ cells is wider than that of TBX5 posteriorly. EN; endoderm, NE; neural ectoderm. Scale bar; 100 μm.
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S2 Fig. Dynamic Changes in the Expression Profiles of CPs from the EB to the EHF Stages.
The average of RPM of each gene in each subpopulation was indicated with an error bar using the standard error. The asterisk indicates the statistical significance (P<0.05) when compared to the other subpopulations using a one-way ANOVA.
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S3 Fig. Generation of a BAC Tbx5CreERT2 transgenic mouse.
(A) Design of the BAC Tbx5CreERT2 transgene. Exon 2 of Tbx5 in the BAC clone RP23-267B15 was replaced in-frame with the CreERT2 cassette. (B) WISH analysis of endogenous Tbx5 expression in wild-type (WT) embryos and of CreERT2 expression in transgenic embryos at the indicated stages. The two expression patterns seemed identical. (C) In situ hybridization on sections of EHF stage embryo of Tbx5 and CreERT2 in BAC transgenic mouse. These are horizontal sections as indicated in the right-sided illustration. The sections arranged in parallel for Tbx5 and CreERT2 are sequential. Black arrows indicate the background signal, frequently observed at the margin of the tissue sections when performing in situ hybridization on sections. Scale bar; 100 μm. (D) E9.0 embryo stained with X-gal after the tamoxifen administration on the pregnant female at E7.5. Note only the heart was stained, suggesting that administered tamoxifen activity was optimal within 24 hours to induce the recombination of ROSA26lacZ/+. (E) E9.0 embryo stained by X-gal after the tamoxifen treatment to the pregnant female on E8.5. Note the lateral plate mesoderm, which is most probably the forelimb bud, was stained in this case (black arrow).
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S4 Fig. The sufficient amount of expressed CreERT2 to detect in immunofluorescence.
BAC Tbx5CreERT2 transgenic embryos were subjected to the immunofluorescence analysis to detect CreERT2 protein with anti-ESR antibody, indicated by horizontal sections. The upper side of each picture is the posterior (P) and the lower side is the anterior (A). The intensity of fluorescence signal for CreERT2 (green) was relatively weaker at the EB stage than at the later stages. Al; allantois, En; endoderm, L; left, Mes; mesoderm, and NE; neural ectoderm, R; right. Scale bar; 100 μm.
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S5 Fig. Pulse-chase system via transient exposure to 4-hydroxytamoxifen.
(A) Dissected BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26lacZ/+ embryos at E7.5 to E8.0 were cultured up to the five- or six-somite stage in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, after which 4-hydroxytamoxifen was removed (a) or not (b) and the culture was continued beyond the E8.5 equivalent (beyond the eight-somite stage). X-gal staining revealed that the future forelimb buds (arrows) are lacZ-negative in (a) but lacZ-positive in (b). Given that the forelimb bud begins to express Tbx5 at the eight-somite stage [17] and that it takes 4 to 6 h for development from the five- to six-somite stage to the eight-somite stage (one somite is equivalent to two hours) [72], this result shows that withdrawal of 4-hydroxytamoxifen prevents further recombination at the ROSA26 reporter allele within just a few hours. (B) Confocal micrograph on the section of the BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP embryo of the Headfold stage that was exposed to 4-hydroxytamoxifen for three hours. The inset square in the most left panel is presented in higher magnification in the right panels. Note the nuclear localization of CreERT2 recognized by anti-ESR antibody, which indicates three hours are sufficient for the translocation of CreERT2 protein into the nucleus. En; endoderm, Hf; Headfold, Head mes; head mesenchyme. Scale bar, 50 μm. (C) Confocal micrograph on the section of the BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP embryo of Headfold stage. This embryo was exposed to 4-hydroxytamoxifen for three hours, washed in HEPES-buffered DMEM three times, and then cultured continuously without 4-hydroxytamoxifen for an additional three hours. The inset square in the most left panel is presented in higher magnification to the right. Note the cytoplasmic localization of CreERT2, which indicates that three hours are enough to exclude the CreERT2 protein from the nucleus after 4-hydroxytamoxifen is withdrawn. In addition to the data presented in (A), this evidence strongly supports the notion that the recombination of reporter allele terminates within a few hours after the withdrawal of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Scale bar, 50 μm.
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S6 Fig. Teratoma formation assay for derived BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES Cells.
Haematoxylin-eosin staining of teratomas formed in nude mice by Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26eYFP/eYFP ES cells. The teratomas contained tissues of all three germ layers, including an epidermis-like structure (ectoderm), a gut epithelium—like structure (endoderm), and a cartilage-like structure (mesoderm), indicative of their pluripotency. Scale bar, 100 μm.
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S7 Fig. Targeting of Tbx5 by the CRISPR/Cas9 System.
Predicted translation products of the two mutated alleles of Tbx5 are indicated along with WT TBX5. Red and blue colours in the amino acid sequence of wild-type (WT) mouse TBX5 indicate the T box and the epitope recognized by the rabbit polyclonal antibodies to TBX5, respectively, Bold letters and asterisks indicate missense and nonsense mutations, respectively.
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S8 Fig. The raw data of Western Blot for TBX5, eYFP and α-Tubulin of differentiating ES cells (related to Fig 7C).
Each scanned image of the blotted membranes is indicated. The membrane used for α-Tubulin was the same membrane as used for TBX5 detection. It was subjected to the procedure to strip the already bound antibodies, and then to reprobing procedure with anti- α-Tubulin antibodies. Molecular weight, and the expected molecular weight of each protein are indicated. Red arrows indicate the band of each target protein.
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S9 Fig. Assay for apoptosis during cardiac differentiation of mouse ES cells.
(A) BAC Tbx5CreERT2/ROSA26 eYFP/eYFP ES cells either rendered Tbx5 null by the CRISPR/Cas9 or left unmodified (WT) were induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The cells were then subjected to flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V that labels apoptotic cells on differentiation day 7. Representative example of 3 analyses is depicted. Q1 and Q2 indicate Annexin+/Propidium Iodide (PI)- early apoptotic cells and Annexin+/PI+ late apoptotic cells, respectively. (B) Representative flow cytometric plots for all apoptotic cells as mean ± SEM values from three independent experiments are shown. No statistically significant difference was observed by Student's t test. NS; not significant.
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S2 Table. Primers and Probe Sets for Taqman Assays.
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S3 Table. Number of Reads in deep sequencing on single cell cDNAs.
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S4 Table. Primer Sets for Genotyping of CRISPR/Cas9–Guided Mutagenesis of Tbx5.
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S5 Table. The enriched genes in EB Nkx2-5+ CPs filtered via ANOVA.
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S6 Table. The enriched genes in EB Tbx5+ CPs filtered via ANOVA.
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S7 Table. The enriched genes in EHF Nkx2-5+ CPs filtered via ANOVA.
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S8 Table. The enriched genes in EHF Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ CPs filtered via ANOVA.
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S9 Table. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis on Nkx2-5+ EB CPs (P<0.05).
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S10 Table. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis on Tbx5+ EB CPs (P<0.05).
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S11 Table. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis on Nkx2-5+ FHF CPs (P<0.05).
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S12 Table. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis on Nkx2-5+/Tbx5+ FHF CPs (P<0.05).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140831.s022
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Acknowledgments
We thank M. Buckingham, R. Kelly, C. Meno and P. Scambler for helpful discussions; B. Bruneau, S. Evans, R. Harvey, T. Mohun, P. Riley, Y. Saga, P. Soriano, R. Kelly, and M. Shirai for providing materials; A. Fukumoto and Y. Ikawa for help with transgenic mice; and B. Williams and K. Hodivala-Dilke for help with the teratoma assay.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: KY. Performed the experiments: KY IK HI RS MS MK HS TA CM HH. Analyzed the data: KY IK YS KS CC AT CM MB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KY IK HS HH. Wrote the paper: KY IK SC PR. The production of transgenic animals: KY HS HH. ES cell derivation: KY IK.
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