Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter April 29, 2017

Rhadinoviral interferon regulatory factor homologues

  • Sandra Koch

    Sandra Koch is a PhD student in the Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School. Under the supervision of Professor Thomas F. Schulz, she is working on the establishment of latency and the mechanisms of lytic reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. She received her Master’s degree in Biology with a focus on infection and cell biology in 2013 from the Technical University Braunschweig. In 2011 Sandra Koch obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Biotechnology after 3 years of practice related studying from the University of Applied Sciences in Darmstadt.

    ORCID logo
    and Thomas F. Schulz

    Thomas F. Schulz is Professor of Virology and Head of the Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School. He obtained his medical doctorate in 1980, his ‘Habilitation’ in Innsbruck in 1986 and his board certification in Medical Microbiology and Virology in 1990. He worked at the Institute of Microbiology in Mainz, the Instute of Hygiene in Innsbruck, the Institute of Cancer Research in London and became a professor in the Department of Microbiology of the University of Liverpool in 1995. In 2000 he moved to Hannover to assume his current position. Since 1995 his research has focused on Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus, in particular on its epidemiology, its mechanisms of latent persistence and reactivation and its oncogenic properties.

    EMAIL logo
From the journal Biological Chemistry

Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The KSHV genome contains genes for a unique group of proteins with homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors, termed viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs). This review will give an overview over the oncogenic, antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory characteristics of KSHV and related vIRFs.

About the authors

Sandra Koch

Sandra Koch is a PhD student in the Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School. Under the supervision of Professor Thomas F. Schulz, she is working on the establishment of latency and the mechanisms of lytic reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. She received her Master’s degree in Biology with a focus on infection and cell biology in 2013 from the Technical University Braunschweig. In 2011 Sandra Koch obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Biotechnology after 3 years of practice related studying from the University of Applied Sciences in Darmstadt.

Thomas F. Schulz

Thomas F. Schulz is Professor of Virology and Head of the Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School. He obtained his medical doctorate in 1980, his ‘Habilitation’ in Innsbruck in 1986 and his board certification in Medical Microbiology and Virology in 1990. He worked at the Institute of Microbiology in Mainz, the Instute of Hygiene in Innsbruck, the Institute of Cancer Research in London and became a professor in the Department of Microbiology of the University of Liverpool in 1995. In 2000 he moved to Hannover to assume his current position. Since 1995 his research has focused on Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus, in particular on its epidemiology, its mechanisms of latent persistence and reactivation and its oncogenic properties.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant SCHU-1668/3-1 and by the Collaborative Research Centre 900, project C1. We thank Elias Hage and Akshay Dhingra for help with sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees.

References

Abere, B. and Schulz, T.F. (2016). KSHV non-structural membrane proteins involved in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways and the pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Curr. Opin. Virol. 20, 11–19.10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.008Search in Google Scholar

Alexander, L., Denekamp, L., Knapp, A., Auerbach, M.R., Damania, B., and Desrosiers, R.C. (2000). The primary sequence of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus isolate 26-95: sequence similarities to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus isolate 17577. J. Virol. 74, 3388–3398.10.1128/JVI.74.7.3388-3398.2000Search in Google Scholar

Alkharsah, K.R., Singh, V.V., Bosco, R., Santag, S., Grundhoff, A., Konrad, A., Sturzl, M., Wirth, D., Dittrich-Breiholz, O., Kracht, M., et al. (2011). Deletion of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus FLICE inhibitory protein, vFLIP, from the viral genome compromises the activation of STAT1-responsive cellular genes and spindle cell formation in endothelial cells. J. Virol. 85, 10375–10388.10.1128/JVI.00226-11Search in Google Scholar

An, J., Sun, Y., Sun, R., and Rettig, M.B. (2003). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoded vFLIP induces cellular IL-6 expression: the role of the NF-kappaB and JNK/AP1 pathways. Oncogene 22, 3371–3385.10.1038/sj.onc.1206407Search in Google Scholar

Aoki, Y., Jaffe, E.S., Chang, Y., Jones, K., Teruya-Feldstein, J., Moore, P.S., and Tosato, G. (1999). Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 93, 4034–4043.10.1182/blood.V93.12.4034.412k38_4034_4043Search in Google Scholar

Areste, C., Mutocheluh, M., and Blackbourn, D.J. (2009). Identification of caspase-mediated decay of interferon regulatory factor-3, exploited by a Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunoregulatory protein. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 23272–23285.10.1074/jbc.M109.033290Search in Google Scholar

Bais, C., Van Geelen, A., Eroles, P., Mutlu, A., Chiozzini, C., Dias, S., Silverstein, R.L., Rafii, S., and Mesri, E.A. (2003). Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor immortalizes human endothelial cells by activation of the VEGF receptor-2/ KDR. Cancer Cell. 3, 131–143.10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00024-2Search in Google Scholar

Ballon, G., Chen, K., Perez, R., Tam, W., and Cesarman, E. (2011). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) vFLIP oncoprotein induces B cell transdifferentiation and tumorigenesis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1141–1153.10.1172/JCI44417Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Baresova, P., Pitha, P.M., and Lubyova, B. (2013). Distinct roles of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factors in inflammatory response and cancer. J. Virol. 87, 9398–9410.10.1128/JVI.03315-12Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Baresova, P., Musilova, J., Pitha, P.M., and Lubyova, B. (2014). p53 tumor suppressor protein stability and transcriptional activity are targeted by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 3. Mol. Cell. Biol. 34, 386–399.10.1128/MCB.01011-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Boshoff, C., Endo, Y., Collins, P.D., Takeuchi, Y., Reeves, J.D., Schweickart, V.L., Siani, M.A., Sasaki, T., Williams, T.J., Gray, P.W., et al. (1997). Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 278, 290–294.10.1126/science.278.5336.290Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Bruce, A.G., Ryan, J.T., Thomas, M.J., Peng, X., Grundhoff, A., Tsai, C.C., and Rose, T.M. (2013). Next-generation sequence analysis of the genome of RFHVMn, the macaque homolog of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, from a KS-like tumor of a pig-tailed macaque. J. Virol. 87, 13676–13693.10.1128/JVI.02331-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Burysek, L. and Pitha, P.M. (2001). Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J. Virol. 75, 2345–2352.10.1128/JVI.75.5.2345-2352.2001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Burysek, L., Yeow, W.S., Lubyova, B., Kellum, M., Schafer, S.L., Huang, Y.Q., and Pitha, P.M. (1999a). Functional analysis of human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 and its association with cellular interferon regulatory factors and p300. J. Virol. 73, 7334–7342.10.1128/JVI.73.9.7334-7342.1999Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Burysek, L., Yeow, W.S., and Pitha, P.M. (1999b). Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J. Hum. Virol. 2, 19–32.Search in Google Scholar

Cesarman, E., Chang, Y., Moore, P.S., Said, J.W., and Knowles, D.M. (1995). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1186–1191.10.1056/NEJM199505043321802Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M.S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J., Knowles, D.M., and Moore, P.S. (1994). Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266, 1865–1869.10.1126/science.7997879Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chang, Y., Moore, P.S., Talbot, S.J., Boshoff, C.H., Zarkowska, T., Godden, K., Paterson, H., Weiss, R.A., and Mittnacht, S. (1996). Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus. Nature 382, 410.10.1038/382410a0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chavoshi, S., Egorova, O., Lacdao, I.K., Farhadi, S., Sheng, Y., and Saridakis, V. (2016). Identification of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) vIRF1 protein as a novel interaction partner of human deubiquitinase USP7. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 6281–6291.10.1074/jbc.M115.710632Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chen, J., Ueda, K., Sakakibara, S., Okuno, T., and Yamanishi, K. (2000). Transcriptional regulation of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor gene. J. Virol. 74, 8623–8634.10.1128/JVI.74.18.8623-8634.2000Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, E.H., Nicholas, J., Bellows, D.S., Hayward, G.S., Guo, H.G., Reitz, M.S., and Hardwick, J.M. (1997). A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 690–694.10.1073/pnas.94.2.690Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Choi, Y.B. and Nicholas, J. (2008). Autocrine and paracrine promotion of cell survival and virus replication by human herpesvirus 8 chemokines. J. Virol. 82, 6501–6513.10.1128/JVI.02396-07Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Choi, Y.B. and Nicholas, J. (2010). Bim nuclear translocation and inactivation by viral interferon regulatory factor. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001031.10.1371/journal.ppat.1001031Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Choi, Y.B., Sandford, G., and Nicholas, J. (2012). Human herpesvirus 8 interferon regulatory factor-mediated BH3-only protein inhibition via Bid BH3-B mimicry. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002748.10.1371/journal.ppat.1002748Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chung, Y.H., Means, R.E., Choi, J.K., Lee, B.S., and Jung, J.U. (2002). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus OX2 glycoprotein activates myeloid-lineage cells to induce inflammatory cytokine production. J. Virol. 76, 4688–4698.10.1128/JVI.76.10.4688-4698.2002Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Cinquina, C.C., Grogan, E., Sun, R., Lin, S.F., Beardsley, G.P., and Miller, G. (2000). Dihydrofolate reductase from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virology 268, 201–217.10.1006/viro.1999.0165Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Cunningham, C., Barnard, S., Blackbourn, D.J., and Davison, A.J. (2003). Transcription mapping of human herpesvirus 8 genes encoding viral interferon regulatory factors. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 1471–1483.10.1099/vir.0.19015-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Dittmer, D.P. (2003). Transcription profile of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in primary Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions as determined by real-time PCR arrays. Cancer Res. 63, 2010–2015.Search in Google Scholar

Endres, M.J., Garlisi, C.G., Xiao, H., Shan, L., and Hedrick, J.A. (1999). The Kaposi’s sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-I is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1993–1998.10.1084/jem.189.12.1993Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Escalante, C.R., Yie, J., Thanos, D., and Aggarwal, A.K. (1998). Structure of IRF-1 with bound DNA reveals determinants of interferon regulation. Nature 391, 103–106.10.1038/34224Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Esteban, M., Garcia, M.A., Domingo-Gil, E., Arroyo, J., Nombela, C., and Rivas, C. (2003). The latency protein LANA2 from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits apoptosis induced by dsRNA-activated protein kinase but not RNase L activation. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 1463–1470.10.1099/vir.0.19014-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Everett, R.D. and Chelbi-Alix, M.K. (2007). PML and PML nuclear bodies: implications in antiviral defence. Biochimie 89, 819–830.10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Fakhari, F.D. and Dittmer, D.P. (2002). Charting latency transcripts in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by whole-genome real-time quantitative PCR. J. Virol. 76, 6213–6223.10.1128/JVI.76.12.6213-6223.2002Search in Google Scholar

Flowers, C.C., Flowers, S.P., and Nabel, G.J. (1998). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor confers resistance to the antiproliferative effect of interferon-α. Mol. Med. 4, 402–412.10.1007/BF03401747Search in Google Scholar

Fuld, S., Cunningham, C., Klucher, K., Davison, A.J., and Blackbourn, D.J. (2006). Inhibition of interferon signaling by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus full-length viral interferon regulatory factor 2 protein. J. Virol. 80, 3092–3097.10.1128/JVI.80.6.3092-3097.2006Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Gallo, A., Lampe, M., Gunther, T., and Brune, W. (2017). The viral Bcl-2 homologs of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Rhesus rhadinovirus share an essential role for viral replication. J Virol. 91.10.1128/JVI.01875-16Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Gao, S.J., Boshoff, C., Jayachandra, S., Weiss, R.A., Chang, Y., and Moore, P.S. (1997). KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15, 1979–1985.10.1038/sj.onc.1201571Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Godden-Kent, D., Talbot, S.J., Boshoff, C., Chang, Y., Moore, P., Weiss, R.A., and Mittnacht, S. (1997). The cyclin encoded by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimulates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J. Virol. 71, 4193–4198.10.1128/jvi.71.6.4193-4198.1997Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Godfrey, A., Anderson, J., Papanastasiou, A., Takeuchi, Y., and Boshoff, C. (2005). Inhibiting primary effusion lymphoma by lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNA. Blood 105, 2510–2518.10.1182/blood-2004-08-3052Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Grossmann, C., Podgrabinska, S., Skobe, M., and Ganem, D. (2006). Activation of NF-κB by the latent vFLIP gene of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for the spindle shape of virus-infected endothelial cells and contributes to their proinflammatory phenotype. J. Virol. 80, 7179–7185.10.1128/JVI.01603-05Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Guasparri, I., Keller, S.A., and Cesarman, E. (2004). KSHV vFLIP is essential for the survival of infected lymphoma cells. J. Exp. Med. 199, 993–1003.10.1084/jem.20031467Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Heinzelmann, K., Scholz, B.A., Nowak, A., Fossum, E., Kremmer, E., Haas, J., Frank, R., and Kempkes, B. (2010). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4/K10) is a novel interaction partner of CSL/CBF1, the major downstream effector of Notch signaling. J. Virol. 84, 12255–12264.10.1128/JVI.01484-10Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hew, K., Dahlroth, S.L., Venkatachalam, R., Nasertorabi, F., Lim, B.T., Cornvik, T., and Nordlund, P. (2013). The crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain of vIRF-1 from the oncogenic KSHV reveals a conserved fold for DNA binding and reinforces its role as a transcription factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 4295–4306.10.1093/nar/gkt082Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hosseinipour, M.C., Sweet, K.M., Xiong, J., Namarika, D., Mwafongo, A., Nyirenda, M., Chiwoko, L., Kamwendo, D., Hoffman, I., Lee, J., et al. (2014). Viral profiling identifies multiple subtypes of Kaposi’s sarcoma. MBio 5, e01633–01614.10.1128/mBio.01633-14Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hu, H., Dong, J., Liang, D., Gao, Z., Bai, L., Sun, R., Hu, H., Zhang, H., Dong, Y., and Lan, K. (2015). Genome-wide mapping of the binding sites and structural analysis of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 2 reveal that it is a DNA-binding transcription factor. J. Virol. 90, 1158–1168.10.1128/JVI.01392-15Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Huang, Q., Petros, A.M., Virgin, H.W., Fesik, S.W., and Olejniczak, E.T. (2002). Solution structure of a Bcl-2 homolog from Kaposi sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3428–3433.10.1073/pnas.062525799Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hwang, K.Y. and Choi, Y.B. (2015). Modulation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling by human herpesvirus 8 interferon regulatory factor 1. J. Virol. 90, 506–520.10.1128/JVI.01903-15Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Inagi, R., Okuno, T., Ito, M., Chen, J., Mori, Y., Haque, M., Zou, P., Yagi, H., Kiniwa, S., Saida, T., et al. (1999). Identification and characterization of human herpesvirus 8 open reading frame K9 viral interferon regulatory factor by a monoclonal antibody. J. Hum. Virol. 2, 63–71.Search in Google Scholar

Ishov, A.M., Sotnikov, A.G., Negorev, D., Vladimirova, O.V., Neff, N., Kamitani, T., Yeh, E.T., Strauss, J.F. 3rd, and Maul, G.G. (1999). PML is critical for ND10 formation and recruits the PML-interacting protein daxx to this nuclear structure when modified by SUMO-1. J. Cell. Biol. 147, 221–234.10.1083/jcb.147.2.221Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jacobs, S.R., Stopford, C.M., West, J.A., Bennett, C.L., Giffin, L., and Damania, B. (2015). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 1 interacts with a member of the interferon-stimulated gene 15 pathway. J. Virol. 89, 11572–11583.10.1128/JVI.01482-15Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jenner, R.G., Alba, M.M., Boshoff, C., and Kellam, P. (2001). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent and lytic gene expression as revealed by DNA arrays. J. Virol. 75, 891–902.10.1128/JVI.75.2.891-902.2001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jones, K.D., Aoki, Y., Chang, Y., Moore, P.S., Yarchoan, R., and Tosato, G. (1999). Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 94, 2871–2879.10.1182/blood.V94.8.2871.420k25_2871_2879Search in Google Scholar

Jones, T., Ramos da Silva, S., Bedolla, R., Ye, F., Zhou, F., and Gao, S.J. (2014). Viral cyclin promotes KSHV-induced cellular transformation and tumorigenesis by overriding contact inhibition. Cell. Cycle 13, 845–858.10.4161/cc.27758Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Joo, C.H., Shin, Y.C., Gack, M., Wu, L., Levy, D., and Jung, J.U. (2007). Inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated interferon signal transduction by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IRF homolog vIRF3. J. Virol. 81, 8282–8292.10.1128/JVI.00235-07Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kanno, T., Sato, Y., Sata, T., and Katano, H. (2006). Expression of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded K10/10.1 protein in tissues and its interaction with poly(A)-binding protein. Virology 352, 100–109.10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Katano, H., Sato, Y., Kurata, T., Mori, S., and Sata, T. (2000). Expression and localization of human herpesvirus 8-encoded proteins in primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Virology 269, 335–344.10.1006/viro.2000.0196Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Kedes, D.H., Lagunoff, M., Renne, R., and Ganem, D. (1997). Identification of the gene encoding the major latency-associated nuclear antigen of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2606–2610.10.1172/JCI119804Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kim, Y., Cha, S., and Seo, T. (2016). Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway by viral interferon regulatory factor 2 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 470, 650–656.10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.087Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Kirchhoff, S., Sebens, T., Baumann, S., Krueger, A., Zawatzky, R., Li-Weber, M., Meinl, E., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., and Krammer, P.H. (2002). Viral IFN-regulatory factors inhibit activation-induced cell death via two positive regulatory IFN-regulatory factor 1-dependent domains in the CD95 ligand promoter. J. Immunol. 168, 1226–1234.10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1226Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Koopal, S., Furuhjelm, J.H., Jarviluoma, A., Jaamaa, S., Pyakurel, P., Pussinen, C., Wirzenius, M., Biberfeld, P., Alitalo, K., Laiho, M., et al. (2007). Viral oncogene-induced DNA damage response is activated in Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog. 3, 1348–1360.10.1371/journal.ppat.0030140Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lagos, D., Trotter, M.W., Vart, R.J., Wang, H.W., Matthews, N.C., Hansen, A., Flore, O., Gotch, F., and Boshoff, C. (2007). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded vFLIP and vIRF1 regulate antigen presentation in lymphatic endothelial cells. Blood 109, 1550–1558.10.1182/blood-2006-05-024034Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, H.R., Toth, Z., Shin, Y.C., Lee, J.S., Chang, H., Gu, W., Oh, T.K., Kim, M.H., and Jung, J.U. (2009a). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 targets MDM2 to deregulate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. J. Virol. 83, 6739–6747.10.1128/JVI.02353-08Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lee, J.S., Li, Q., Lee, J.Y., Lee, S.H., Jeong, J.H., Lee, H.R., Chang, H., Zhou, F.C., Gao, S.J., Liang, C., et al. (2009b). FLIP-mediated autophagy regulation in cell death control. Nat. Cell. Biol. 11, 1355–1362.10.1038/ncb1980Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lee, H.R., Choi, W.C., Lee, S., Hwang, J., Hwang, E., Guchhait, K., Haas, J., Toth, Z., Jeon, Y.H., Oh, T.K., et al. (2011). Bilateral inhibition of HAUSP deubiquitinase by a viral interferon regulatory factor protein. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 1336–1344.10.1038/nsmb.2142Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lee, H.R., Doganay, S., Chung, B., Toth, Z., Brulois, K., Lee, S., Kanketayeva, Z., Feng, P., Ha, T., and Jung, J.U. (2014). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4) targets expression of cellular IRF4 and the Myc gene to facilitate lytic replication. J. Virol. 88, 2183–2194.10.1128/JVI.02106-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lee, H.R., Mitra, J., Lee, S., Gao, S.J., Oh, T.K., Kim, M.H., Ha, T., and Jung, J.U. (2015). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4) perturbs the G1-S cell cycle progression via deregulation of the cyclin D1 gene. J. Virol. 90, 1139–1143.10.1128/JVI.01897-15Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Li, M., Lee, H., Guo, J., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., Ozato, K., and Jung, J.U. (1998). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 72, 5433–5440.10.1128/JVI.72.7.5433-5440.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Li, M., Damania, B., Alvarez, X., Ogryzko, V., Ozato, K., and Jung, J.U. (2000). Inhibition of p300 histone acetyltransferase by viral interferon regulatory factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 8254–8263.10.1128/MCB.20.21.8254-8263.2000Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Liang, Q., Chang, B., Brulois, K.F., Castro, K., Min, C.K., Rodgers, M.A., Shi, M., Ge, J., Feng, P., Oh, B.H., et al. (2013). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K7 modulates Rubicon-mediated inhibition of autophagosome maturation. J. Virol. 87, 12499–12503.10.1128/JVI.01898-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lin, R., Genin, P., Mamane, Y., Sgarbanti, M., Battistini, A., Harrington, W.J., Jr., Barber, G.N., and Hiscott, J. (2001). HHV-8 encoded vIRF-1 represses the interferon antiviral response by blocking IRF-3 recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivators. Oncogene 20, 800–811.10.1038/sj.onc.1204163Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, L., Eby, M.T., Rathore, N., Sinha, S.K., Kumar, A., and Chaudhary, P.M. (2002). The human herpes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein physically associates with and persistently activates the Ikappa B kinase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13745–13751.10.1074/jbc.M110480200Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lubyova, B. and Pitha, P.M. (2000). Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J. Virol. 74, 8194–8201.10.1128/JVI.74.17.8194-8201.2000Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lubyova, B., Kellum, M.J., Frisancho, A.J., and Pitha, P.M. (2004). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vIRF-3 stimulates the transcriptional activity of cellular IRF-3 and IRF-7. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7643–7654.10.1074/jbc.M309485200Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lubyova, B., Kellum, M.J., Frisancho, J.A., and Pitha, P.M. (2007). Stimulation of c-Myc transcriptional activity by vIRF-3 of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 31944–31953.10.1074/jbc.M706430200Search in Google Scholar

Ma, T., Jham, B.C., Hu, J., Friedman, E.R., Basile, J.R., Molinolo, A., Sodhi, A., and Montaner, S. (2010). Viral G protein-coupled receptor up-regulates Angiopoietin-like 4 promoting angiogenesis and vascular permeability in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14363–14368.10.1073/pnas.1001065107Search in Google Scholar

Marcos-Villar, L., Lopitz-Otsoa, F., Gallego, P., Munoz-Fontela, C., Gonzalez-Santamaria, J., Campagna, M., Shou-Jiang, G., Rodriguez, M.S., and Rivas, C. (2009). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein LANA2 disrupts PML oncogenic domains and inhibits PML-mediated transcriptional repression of the survivin gene. J. Virol. 83, 8849–8858.10.1128/JVI.00339-09Search in Google Scholar

Marcos-Villar, L., Campagna, M., Lopitz-Otsoa, F., Gallego, P., Gonzalez-Santamaria, J., Gonzalez, D., Rodriguez, M.S., and Rivas, C. (2011). Covalent modification by SUMO is required for efficient disruption of PML oncogenic domains by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent protein LANA2. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 188–194.10.1099/vir.0.024984-0Search in Google Scholar

Marcos-Villar, L., Gallego, P., Munoz-Fontela, C., de la Cruz-Herrera, C.F., Campagna, M., Gonzalez, D., Lopitz-Otsoa, F., Rodriguez, M.S., and Rivas, C. (2014). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lana2 protein interacts with the pocket proteins and inhibits their sumoylation. Oncogene 33, 495–503.10.1038/onc.2012.603Search in Google Scholar

Marcos-Villar, L., de la Cruz-Herrera, C.F., Ferreiros, A., Baz-Martinez, M., Lang, V., Vidal, A., Munoz-Fontela, C., Rodriguez, M.S., Collado, M., and Rivas, C. (2015). KSHV latent protein LANA2 inhibits sumo2 modification of p53. Cell. Cycle 14, 277–282.10.4161/15384101.2014.980657Search in Google Scholar

Martin, D., Galisteo, R., Molinolo, A.A., Wetzker, R., Hirsch, E., and Gutkind, J.S. (2011). PI3Kgamma mediates kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vGPCR-induced sarcomagenesis. Cancer Cell. 19, 805–813.10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.005Search in Google Scholar

Miller, G., Heston, L., Grogan, E., Gradoville, L., Rigsby, M., Sun, R., Shedd, D., Kushnaryov, V.M., Grossberg, S., and Chang, Y. (1997). Selective switch between latency and lytic replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in dually infected body cavity lymphoma cells. J. Virol. 71, 314–324.10.1128/jvi.71.1.314-324.1997Search in Google Scholar

Montaner, S., Sodhi, A., Pece, S., Mesri, E.A., and Gutkind, J.S. (2001). The Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor promotes endothelial cell survival through the activation of Akt/protein kinase B. Cancer Res. 61, 2641–2648.Search in Google Scholar

Montaner, S., Sodhi, A., Molinolo, A., Bugge, T.H., Sawai, E.T., He, Y., Li, Y., Ray, P.E., and Gutkind, J.S. (2003). Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi’s sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell. 3, 23–36.10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00237-4Search in Google Scholar

Moore, P.S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R.A., and Chang, Y. (1996). Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 274, 1739–1744.10.1126/science.274.5293.1739Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Morin, G., Robinson, B.A., Rogers, K.S., and Wong, S.W. (2015). A Rhesus rhadinovirus viral interferon (IFN) regulatory factor is virion associated and inhibits the early IFN antiviral response. J. Virol. 89, 7707–7721.10.1128/JVI.01175-15Search in Google Scholar

Munoz-Fontela, C., Marcos-Villar, L., Gallego, P., Arroyo, J., Da Costa, M., Pomeranz, K.M., Lam, E.W., and Rivas, C. (2007). Latent protein LANA2 from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with 14-3-3 proteins and inhibits FOXO3a transcription factor. J. Virol. 81, 1511–1516.10.1128/JVI.01816-06Search in Google Scholar

Mutocheluh, M., Hindle, L., Areste, C., Chanas, S.A., Butler, L.M., Lowry, K., Shah, K., Evans, D.J., and Blackbourn, D.J. (2011). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor-2 inhibits type 1 interferon signalling by targeting interferon-stimulated gene factor-3. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 2394–2398.10.1099/vir.0.034322-0Search in Google Scholar

Nakamura, H., Li, M., Zarycki, J., and Jung, J.U. (2001). Inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor by viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 75, 7572–7582.10.1128/JVI.75.16.7572-7582.2001Search in Google Scholar

Neipel, F., Albrecht, J.C., Ensser, A., Huang, Y.Q., Li, J.J., Friedman-Kien, A.E., and Fleckenstein, B. (1997a). Human herpesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6. J. Virol. 71, 839–842.10.1128/jvi.71.1.839-842.1997Search in Google Scholar

Neipel, F., Albrecht, J.C., and Fleckenstein, B. (1997b). Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: determinants of its pathogenicity? J. Virol. 71, 4187–4192.10.1128/jvi.71.6.4187-4192.1997Search in Google Scholar

Offermann, M.K. (2007). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded interferon regulator factors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312, 185–209.10.1007/978-3-540-34344-8_7Search in Google Scholar

Park, J., Lee, M.S., Yoo, S.M., Jeong, K.W., Lee, D., Choe, J., and Seo, T. (2007). Identification of the DNA sequence interacting with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 1. J. Virol. 81, 12680–12684.10.1128/JVI.00556-07Search in Google Scholar

Parravicini, C., Chandran, B., Corbellino, M., Berti, E., Paulli, M., Moore, P.S., and Chang, Y. (2000). Differential viral protein expression in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected diseases: Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 743–749.10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64940-1Search in Google Scholar

Pattingre, S., Tassa, A., Qu, X., Garuti, R., Liang, X.H., Mizushima, N., Packer, M., Schneider, M.D., and Levine, B. (2005). Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 122, 927–939.10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pozharskaya, V.P., Weakland, L.L., Zimring, J.C., Krug, L.T., Unger, E.R., Neisch, A., Joshi, H., Inoue, N., and Offermann, M.K. (2004). Short duration of elevated vIRF-1 expression during lytic replication of human herpesvirus 8 limits its ability to block antiviral responses induced by alpha interferon in BCBL-1 cells. J. Virol. 78, 6621–6635.10.1128/JVI.78.12.6621-6635.2004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Rivas, C., Thlick, A.E., Parravicini, C., Moore, P.S., and Chang, Y. (2001). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol. 75, 429–438.10.1128/JVI.75.1.429-438.2001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Robinson, B.A., Estep, R.D., Messaoudi, I., Rogers, K.S., and Wong, S.W. (2012a). Viral interferon regulatory factors decrease the induction of type I and type II interferon during rhesus macaque rhadinovirus infection. J. Virol. 86, 2197–2211.10.1128/JVI.05047-11Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Robinson, B.A., O’Connor, M.A., Li, H., Engelmann, F., Poland, B., Grant, R., DeFilippis, V., Estep, R.D., Axthelm, M.K., Messaoudi, I., et al. (2012b). Viral interferon regulatory factors are critical for delay of the host immune response against rhesus macaque rhadinovirus infection. J. Virol. 86, 2769–2779.10.1128/JVI.05657-11Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Russo, J.J., Bohenzky, R.A., Chien, M.C., Chen, J., Yan, M., Maddalena, D., Parry, J.P., Peruzzi, D., Edelman, I.S., Chang, Y., et al. (1996). Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14862–14867.10.1073/pnas.93.25.14862Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sander, G., Konrad, A., Thurau, M., Wies, E., Leubert, R., Kremmer, E., Dinkel, H., Schulz, T., Neipel, F., and Sturzl, M. (2008). Intracellular localization map of human herpesvirus 8 proteins. J. Virol. 82, 1908–1922.10.1128/JVI.01716-07Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sandford, G., Choi, Y.B., and Nicholas, J. (2009). Role of ORF74-encoded viral G protein-coupled receptor in human herpesvirus 8 lytic replication. J. Virol. 83, 13009–13014.10.1128/JVI.01399-09Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sarek, G., Jarviluoma, A., Moore, H.M., Tojkander, S., Vartia, S., Biberfeld, P., Laiho, M., and Ojala, P.M. (2010). Nucleophosmin phosphorylation by v-cyclin-CDK6 controls KSHV latency. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1000818.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000818Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sarid, R., Sato, T., Bohenzky, R.A., Russo, J.J., and Chang, Y. (1997). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Nat. Med. 3, 293–298.10.1038/nm0397-293Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sarid, R., Flore, O., Bohenzky, R.A., Chang, Y., and Moore, P.S. (1998). Transcription mapping of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line (BC-1). J. Virol. 72, 1005–1012.10.1128/JVI.72.2.1005-1012.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Scherer, M. and Stamminger, T. (2016). Emerging role of PML nuclear bodies in innate immune signaling. J. Virol. 90, 5850–5854.10.1128/JVI.01979-15Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Schmidt, K., Wies, E., and Neipel, F. (2011). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 3 inhibits γ interferon and major histocompatibility complex class II expression. J. Virol. 85, 4530–4537.10.1128/JVI.02123-10Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Searles, R.P., Bergquam, E.P., Axthelm, M.K., and Wong, S.W. (1999). Sequence and genomic analysis of a Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus with similarity to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol. 73, 3040–3053.10.1128/JVI.73.4.3040-3053.1999Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Seo, T., Park, J., Lee, D., Hwang, S.G., and Choe, J. (2001). Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus binds to p53 and represses p53-dependent transcription and apoptosis. J. Virol. 75, 6193–6198.10.1128/JVI.75.13.6193-6198.2001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Seo, T., Lee, D., Shim, Y.S., Angell, J.E., Chidambaram, N.V., Kalvakolanu, D.V., and Choe, J. (2002). Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with a cell death regulator, GRIM19, and inhibits interferon/retinoic acid-induced cell death. J. Virol. 76, 8797–8807.10.1128/JVI.76.17.8797-8807.2002Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Seo, T., Park, J., Lim, C., and Choe, J. (2004). Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activity by viral interferon regulatory factor 3 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Oncogene 23, 6146–6155.10.1038/sj.onc.1207807Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Seo, T., Park, J., and Choe, J. (2005). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IFN regulatory factor 1 inhibits transforming growth factor-β signaling. Cancer Res. 65, 1738–1747.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2374Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Shin, Y.C., Nakamura, H., Liang, X., Feng, P., Chang, H., Kowalik, T.F., and Jung, J.U. (2006). Inhibition of the ATM/p53 signal transduction pathway by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interferon regulatory factor 1. J. Virol. 80, 2257–2266.10.1128/JVI.80.5.2257-2266.2006Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Shin, Y.C., Joo, C.H., Gack, M.U., Lee, H.R., and Jung, J.U. (2008). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IFN regulatory factor 3 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha to induce vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cancer Res. 68, 1751–1759.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2766Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Singh, V.V., Kerur, N., Bottero, V., Dutta, S., Chakraborty, S., Ansari, M.A., Paudel, N., Chikoti, L., and Chandran, B. (2013). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency in endothelial and B cells activates γ interferon-inducible protein 16-mediated inflammasomes. J. Virol. 87, 4417–4431.10.1128/JVI.03282-12Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sodhi, A., Montaner, S., Patel, V., Gomez-Roman, J.J., Li, Y., Sausville, E.A., Sawai, E.T., and Gutkind, J.S. (2004). Akt plays a central role in sarcomagenesis induced by Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 4821–4826.10.1073/pnas.0400835101Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sodhi, A., Chaisuparat, R., Hu, J., Ramsdell, A.K., Manning, B.D., Sausville, E.A., Sawai, E.T., Molinolo, A., Gutkind, J.S., and Montaner, S. (2006). The TSC2/mTOR pathway drives endothelial cell transformation induced by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor. Cancer Cell 10, 133–143.10.1016/j.ccr.2006.05.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Soulier, J., Grollet, L., Oksenhendler, E., Cacoub, P., Cazals-Hatem, D., Babinet, P., d’Agay, M.F., Clauvel, J.P., Raphael, M., Degos, L., et al. (1995). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman’s disease. Blood 86, 1276–1280.10.1182/blood.V86.4.1276.bloodjournal8641276Search in Google Scholar

Stadler, M., Chelbi-Alix, M.K., Koken, M.H., Venturini, L., Lee, C., Saib, A., Quignon, F., Pelicano, L., Guillemin, M.C., Schindler, C., et al. (1995). Transcriptional induction of the PML growth suppressor gene by interferons is mediated through an ISRE and a GAS element. Oncogene 11, 2565–2573.Search in Google Scholar

Stine, J.T., Wood, C., Hill, M., Epp, A., Raport, C.J., Schweickart, V.L., Endo, Y., Sasaki, T., Simmons, G., Boshoff, C., et al. (2000). KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood 95, 1151–1157.10.1182/blood.V95.4.1151.004k37_1151_1157Search in Google Scholar

Sun, R., Lin, S.F., Gradoville, L., Yuan, Y., Zhu, F., and Miller, G. (1998). A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10866–10871.10.1073/pnas.95.18.10866Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sun, R., Lin, S.F., Staskus, K., Gradoville, L., Grogan, E., Haase, A., and Miller, G. (1999). Kinetics of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol. 73, 2232–2242.10.1128/JVI.73.3.2232-2242.1999Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Swanton, C., Mann, D.J., Fleckenstein, B., Neipel, F., Peters, G., and Jones, N. (1997). Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature 390, 184–187.10.1038/36606Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Tamura, T., Yanai, H., Savitsky, D., and Taniguchi, T. (2008). The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26, 535–584.10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ueda, K., Ishikawa, K., Nishimura, K., Sakakibara, S., Do, E., and Yamanishi, K. (2002). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) replication and transcription factor activates the K9 (vIRF) gene through two distinct cis elements by a non-DNA-binding mechanism. J. Virol. 76, 12044–12054.10.1128/JVI.76.23.12044-12054.2002Search in Google Scholar

Vart, R.J., Nikitenko, L.L., Lagos, D., Trotter, M.W., Cannon, M., Bourboulia, D., Gratrix, F., Takeuchi, Y., and Boshoff, C. (2007). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6 and G-protein-coupled receptor regulate angiopoietin-2 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 67, 4042–4051.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3321Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Verschuren, E.W., Hodgson, J.G., Gray, J.W., Kogan, S., Jones, N., and Evan, G.I. (2004). The role of p53 in suppression of KSHV cyclin-induced lymphomagenesis. Cancer Res. 64, 581–589.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-1863Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, H.W., Sharp, T.V., Koumi, A., Koentges, G., and Boshoff, C. (2002). Characterization of an anti-apoptotic glycoprotein encoded by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus which resembles a spliced variant of human survivin. EMBO J. 21, 2602–2615.10.1093/emboj/21.11.2602Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Wies, E., Mori, Y., Hahn, A., Kremmer, E., Sturzl, M., Fleckenstein, B., and Neipel, F. (2008). The viral interferon-regulatory factor-3 is required for the survival of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 111, 320–327.10.1182/blood-2007-05-092288Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wies, E., Hahn, A.S., Schmidt, K., Viebahn, C., Rohland, N., Lux, A., Schellhorn, T., Holzer, A., Jung, J.U., and Neipel, F. (2009). The Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vIRF-3 inhibits cellular IRF-5. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 8525–8538.10.1074/jbc.M809252200Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xi, X., Persson, L.M., O’Brien, M.W., Mohr, I., and Wilson, A.C. (2012). Cooperation between viral interferon regulatory factor 4 and RTA to activate a subset of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic promoters. J. Virol. 86, 1021–1033.10.1128/JVI.00694-11Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Yang, T.Y., Chen, S.C., Leach, M.W., Manfra, D., Homey, B., Wiekowski, M., Sullivan, L., Jenh, C.H., Narula, S.K., Chensue, S.W., et al. (2000). Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi’s sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 191, 445–454.10.1084/jem.191.3.445Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Zimring, J.C., Goodbourn, S., and Offermann, M.K. (1998). Human herpesvirus 8 encodes an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) homolog that represses IRF-1-mediated transcription. J. Virol. 72, 701–707.10.1128/JVI.72.1.701-707.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Zuo, J., Hislop, A.D., Leung, C.S., Sabbah, S., and Rowe, M. (2013). Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral IRF3 modulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen presentation through MHC-II transactivator-dependent and -independent mechanisms: implications for oncogenesis. J. Virol. 87, 5340–5350.10.1128/JVI.00250-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2017-2-2
Accepted: 2017-4-20
Published Online: 2017-4-29
Published in Print: 2017-7-26

©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 25.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hsz-2017-0111/html
Scroll to top button