Abstract
How does the host sense pathogens? Our present concepts grew directly from longstanding efforts to understand infectious disease: how microbes harm the host, what molecules are sensed and, ultimately, the nature of the receptors that the host uses. The discovery of the host sensors--the Toll-like receptors--was rooted in chemical, biological and genetic analyses that centred on a bacterial poison, termed endotoxin.
Publication types
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Historical Article
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
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Review
MeSH terms
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Drosophila Proteins*
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Endotoxins / history
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Endotoxins / immunology*
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Endotoxins / toxicity
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History, 18th Century
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History, 19th Century
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History, 20th Century
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History, Ancient
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Immunity, Innate*
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Lipopolysaccharides / history
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Lipopolysaccharides / immunology
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Lipopolysaccharides / toxicity
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Macrophages / immunology
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Membrane Glycoproteins / history
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Membrane Glycoproteins / immunology
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Models, Immunological
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Receptors, Cell Surface / history
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Receptors, Cell Surface / immunology
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Signal Transduction
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Toll-Like Receptors
Substances
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Drosophila Proteins
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Endotoxins
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Membrane Glycoproteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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Toll-Like Receptors