Gender differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease have been observed both clinically and experimentally. These cardioprotective effects have frequently been attributed to female hormones, however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this cardioprotection are still poorly understood. Accordingly, this study sought to determine the contribution of ovarian hormones to the prevention of adverse ventricular remodeling and congestive heart failure in chronic volume overload (i.e. aortocaval fistula in intact or ovariectomized female rats). Ovariectomized rats developed more extensive cardiac remodeling than intact females at 21 weeks post-fistula, characterized by significantly greater left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (167 vs. 86%, respectively, p < 0.05) and a substantial increase in LV dilatation (71%, p < 0.05) relative to control. In contrast to the eccentric hypertrophy in ovariectomized females post-fistula, the hypertrophic response in the intact female hearts was essentially concentric. While neither fistula group suffered significant mortality, there was a marked increase in the lung weight of ovariectomized rats (87%, p < 0.05) consistent with the development of pulmonary edema. Overall, the extent of myocardial remodeling and decrease in LV function in the ovariectomized females was comparable to those changes reported for males with symptomatic heart failure, while intact females maintained chronic compensated ventricular function similar to that of controls. The marked ventricular dilatation and symptoms of congestive heart failure seen at 21 weeks post-fistula in the ovariectomized females clearly demonstrate the influence of circulating ovarian hormones on the pattern of myocardial remodeling resulting from a chronic volume overload.